Islamic Republic of Iran
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| Islamic Republic of Iran | |
|---|---|
 SVG file: SiBr4Designer: Hamid NadimiConstruction: ISIRI · Public domain · source | |
| Conventional long name | Islamic Republic of Iran |
| Common name | Iran |
| Capital | Tehran |
| Largest city | Tehran |
| Official languages | Persian |
| Demonym | Iranian |
| Government type | Theocratic Republic |
| Leader title1 | Supreme Leader |
| Leader name1 | Ali Khamenei |
| Leader title2 | President |
| Leader name2 | Ebrahim Raisi |
| Area rank | 18th |
| Population estimate | 83,764,000 |
| Population estimate year | 2020 |
| Population density rank | 162nd |
| GDP PPP | $1.73 trillion |
| GDP PPP year | 2020 |
| GDP PPP rank | 18th |
| GDP nominal | $458 billion |
| GDP nominal year | 2020 |
| GDP nominal rank | 27th |
| Gini | 40.0 |
| Gini year | 2019 |
| HDI | 0.783 |
| HDI year | 2020 |
| HDI rank | 70th |
Islamic Republic of Iran. The country is located in Western Asia and is bordered by Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan, Pakistan to the east, and Turkey, Iraq to the west. The Caspian Sea is situated to the north, while the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman are located to the south. The country's diverse geography and climate have been influenced by the Zagros Mountains, Elburz Mountains, and the Dasht-e Kavir desert, which have played a significant role in shaping the lives of notable figures such as Cyrus the Great, Darius I, and Rumi.
Geography
The country's geography is characterized by a diverse range of landscapes, including mountains, deserts, and coastlines along the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman. The Zagros Mountains stretch across the west and northwest, while the Elburz Mountains are located in the north. The Dasht-e Kavir desert, also known as the Great Salt Desert, covers a significant portion of the country's central region. The country is home to several major rivers, including the Karun River, Karkheh River, and Zayanderud River, which have been instrumental in the development of ancient civilizations such as the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, and the Seljuk Empire. Notable cities such as Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Mashhad are situated in the country's various regions, which have been influenced by the works of Avicenna, Ibn Sina, and Omar Khayyam.
History
The country has a rich and complex history, with various empires and dynasties rising and falling over the centuries. The Achaemenid Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, was one of the earliest and most influential empires in the region, followed by the Sassanian Empire, which was a major center of Zoroastrianism. The Arab conquest of Persia in the 7th century introduced Islam to the region, and the country became a major center of Islamic Golden Age learning and culture, with notable figures such as Al-Khwarizmi, Ibn al-Haytham, and Al-Biruni making significant contributions to the fields of mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. The Mongol invasion of Persia in the 13th century had a devastating impact on the country, but it was later revived under the Safavid dynasty, which established Shia Islam as the official religion and played a significant role in the development of Persian literature and Persian art, with notable figures such as Hafez, Saadi, and Rumi.
Government
The country is an Theocratic Republic, with the Supreme Leader of Iran serving as the head of state and the President of Iran as the head of government. The Islamic Consultative Assembly is the country's legislative body, composed of members elected by the people. The Guardian Council is responsible for ensuring that the laws passed by the assembly are in line with Sharia law and the Constitution of Iran. Notable figures such as Ayatollah Khomeini, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad have played significant roles in shaping the country's government and politics, with events such as the Iranian Revolution and the Iran hostage crisis having a major impact on the country's development.
Economy
The country has a diverse economy, with major industries including oil and gas, petrochemicals, automotive manufacturing, and agriculture. The country is a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and has significant reserves of oil and natural gas. The Tehran Stock Exchange is the country's main stock exchange, and the Iranian rial is the official currency. Notable companies such as National Iranian Oil Company, Iran Khodro, and SAIPA have played significant roles in the country's economy, with trade agreements such as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and the Eurasian Economic Union having a major impact on the country's economic development.
Culture
The country has a rich and diverse culture, with significant contributions to Persian literature, Persian art, Persian music, and Persian architecture. The country is home to numerous UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Persepolis, Pasargadae, and Naqsh-e Jahan Square. Notable cultural figures such as Ferdowsi, Hafez, Saadi, and Rumi have made significant contributions to the country's cultural heritage, with events such as the Nowruz celebrations and the Chaharshanbe Suri festival being an integral part of the country's cultural calendar. The country is also home to a diverse range of ethnic and linguistic groups, including the Persian people, Azerbaijani people, Kurdish people, and Luri people, each with their own unique cultural traditions and customs.
International Relations
The country has a complex and often contentious relationship with the international community, particularly with regards to its nuclear program and its support for various militant groups in the region. The country is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Notable international agreements such as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons have had a significant impact on the country's international relations, with countries such as the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia playing a major role in shaping the country's foreign policy. The country has also been involved in various international conflicts, including the Iran-Iraq War and the Syrian Civil War, with notable figures such as Bashar al-Assad, Vladimir Putin, and Hassan Rouhani playing significant roles in shaping the country's international relations.