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| college admissions | |
|---|---|
| Name | College Admissions |
college admissions
College admissions is the process by which students apply to and are chosen for enrollment at postsecondary institutions such as universities, colleges, and conservatories. The process interacts with institutions like Harvard University, Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Oxford, and University of Cambridge and is influenced by examinations, policies, organizations, and historical events including the GI Bill, Civil Rights Act of 1964, and Brown v. Board of Education. Admissions practices vary across systems exemplified by Common Application, UCAS, Gale Research, Council for Aid to Education, and national agencies such as Ministry of Education (United Kingdom), Ministry of Education (Japan), and Ministry of Education (China).
The overview situates selection systems used by institutions like Yale University, Princeton University, Columbia University, University of Pennsylvania, and Johns Hopkins University alongside national frameworks such as Free Application for Federal Student Aid, Federal Student Aid, Student and Exchange Visitor Program, International Baccalaureate, and A-Levels. Historical milestones from the Morrill Land-Grant Acts, GI Bill, Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, to litigation like Regents of the University of California v. Bakke and Grutter v. Bollinger shaped policies practiced by schools such as University of California, Berkeley, University of Michigan, Duke University, Northwestern University, and University of Texas at Austin.
Applications commonly include academic records from institutions like Phillips Exeter Academy, Eton College, Stuyvesant High School, transcripts submitted through services such as Common Application, Coalition for College, UC Application, and documentation like recommendation letters from figures associated with Teach For America, National Honor Society, The College Board, and Advanced Placement. Portfolios for arts schools reference conservatories such as Juilliard School, Royal College of Music, Curtis Institute of Music, and test scores from providers like Educational Testing Service, ACT, Inc., College Board; supplemental materials may draw on competitions such as the Intel Science Talent Search, International Mathematical Olympiad, and National Spelling Bee.
Selection criteria combine metrics like grades from Advanced Placement, class rank at schools such as Bronx High School of Science, test scores from SAT, ACT, extracurriculars tied to organizations like Habitat for Humanity, Boy Scouts of America, Girl Scouts of the USA, and personal essays often compared across applicants by admissions offices at University of Chicago, Rice University, Vanderbilt University, Emory University, and Washington University in St. Louis. Processes include holistic review practiced by Harvard University and Stanford University, need-blind and need-aware evaluations debated in contexts like Ivy League, Public Ivy, and committee-based decisions modeled on governance structures similar to Board of Regents, Trustees of Columbia University, and Faculty Senate.
Policies range from open admission systems at institutions like Community College of Philadelphia and LaGuardia Community College to selective models exemplified by California Institute of Technology, Princeton University, Oxford Colleges, and Cambridge Colleges. Specialized tracks include early decision used by Dartmouth College and Brown University, early action offered by University of Notre Dame and University of Virginia, rolling admission found at Pennsylvania State University and Ohio State University, and transfer pathways tied to agreements like Articulation agreements between Santa Monica College and University of California campuses.
Testing ecosystems involve examinations and providers such as the SAT Reasoning Test, ACT, Graduate Record Examinations, GRE Subject Tests, Advanced Placement exams, and international tests like the Gaokao, JAMB (Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board), Baccalauréat, and International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. Institutions such as Yale University, Princeton University, University of California, University of Toronto, and National University of Singapore have varied policies on score submission, test-optional movements influenced by pandemics like the COVID-19 pandemic, and validation research published by Educational Testing Service, College Board, ACT, Inc., and independent scholars affiliated with Harvard Kennedy School and Brookings Institution.
Equity concerns engage civil rights entities and cases such as Brown v. Board of Education, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, Grutter v. Bollinger, and statutes like the Higher Education Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1964. Access initiatives involve programs like TRIO (education program), Upward Bound, Gates Millennium Scholars Program, and philanthropic actors such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Ford Foundation, and Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Legal disputes over practices involve litigants and jurisdictions tied to Students for Fair Admissions, Supreme Court of the United States, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and regulatory oversight from Office for Civil Rights (United States Department of Education).
Contemporary trends include test-optional policies at institutions like Tufts University, Wake Forest University, Bowdoin College, movements against legacy preference associated with Alumni associations of Harvard University and Yale University, debates over affirmative action led by groups such as Students for Fair Admissions, and reforms proposed by policymakers in bodies like United States Congress, House Committee on Education and the Workforce, and councils such as Institute of International Education. Criticisms target commodification noted in analyses from The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Atlantic, academic research published by National Bureau of Economic Research, and policy recommendations from Pew Research Center and Brookings Institution.
Category:Higher education