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| Lifestyle | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lifestyle |
| Type | Concept |
Lifestyle Lifestyle denotes the characteristic ways in which individuals or groups live, encompassing patterns of behavior, consumption, social relations, and daily routines. It intersects with diverse arenas such as public health, urban studies, marketing, and sociology, and is influenced by institutions, historical events, and individual agency. Analyses of lifestyle draw on case studies from cities, nations, and communities to understand variations across populations.
The scope of lifestyle spans individual practices and collective patterns observable in contexts like New York City, Tokyo, Paris, London, Mumbai, São Paulo, Los Angeles, Berlin, Seoul, and Shanghai. Definitions often reference frameworks developed by scholars associated with Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault, and Thorstein Veblen, and draw on empirical work by institutions such as the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations Development Programme, and the World Bank. Discursive boundaries are shaped by policy debates in fora like the United Nations General Assembly and by practices documented in media outlets such as The New York Times, The Guardian, The Washington Post, Le Monde, and Der Spiegel.
Determinants of lifestyle include structural factors originating in places like Silicon Valley, Detroit, Beijing, Dubai, and Cairo; historical legacies exemplified by the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression, the Cold War, and decolonization events in India and Algeria; and institutional influences from organizations such as Harvard University, Stanford University, World Health Organization, International Monetary Fund, and European Commission. Cultural influences draw on traditions associated with Confucius, Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Simone de Beauvoir, and movements like the Beat Generation and Counterculture of the 1960s. Technological change driven by firms such as Apple Inc., Google, Microsoft, Samsung, and Tesla, Inc. reshapes routines, while laws and policies from bodies like the United States Congress, the European Parliament, the Supreme Court of the United States, and national ministries reconfigure opportunities.
Lifestyle factors are primary foci in public health guidance from the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Institutes of Health. Research linking behaviors to outcomes cites cohort studies from institutions like Framingham Heart Study, Nurses' Health Study, and trials funded by agencies such as the Wellcome Trust and the National Health Service. Clinical practice guidelines by organizations including the American Heart Association, the American Diabetes Association, and the United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence translate evidence on diet, physical activity, sleep, and substance use into recommendations. Epidemiological transitions studied in nations like Japan, Brazil, Mexico, China, and South Africa illustrate changing burdens of noncommunicable diseases tied to lifestyle shifts.
Socioeconomic stratification shapes lifestyle patterns across contexts such as Manhattan, Mumbai slums, São Paulo favelas, Cape Town, and Sydney. Class analysis draws on works by Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Pierre Bourdieu and is operationalized in surveys by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and national statistical offices like the U.S. Census Bureau and Statistics Canada. Cultural consumption tied to lifestyle is mediated by industries including Vogue, Nike, IKEA, McDonald's, and Starbucks, and by cultural institutions like the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Louvre, and the Royal Opera House. Migration flows involving Syria, Mexico, India, Philippines, and Turkey also influence diasporic lifestyle patterns.
Individual choices—such as dietary regimes promoted by authors like Michael Pollan and Jamie Oliver, fitness trends led by brands like CrossFit and Peloton, and abstinence movements associated with organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous—interact with market offerings from companies like Whole Foods Market and McDonald's. Consumer segmentation techniques used by firms including Procter & Gamble, Unilever, and Amazon categorize behaviors, while social movements exemplified by Slow Food, Occupy Wall Street, and Fridays for Future articulate collective lifestyle alternatives. Digital platforms from Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok shape practices through influencers and algorithmic feeds.
Measurement approaches include large-scale surveys like the Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System, the European Social Survey, the World Values Survey, and national time-use studies such as those by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Metrics developed by agencies like the World Health Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development include composite indices and indicators used in reports by UNICEF, UNAIDS, and the International Labour Organization. Methodologies draw on statistical tools from scholars at London School of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Oxford, and University of Cambridge and on mixed methods deployed in qualitative fieldwork in locales like Rural China, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Eastern Europe.
Recent trends observed in regions such as North America, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, Latin America, and Africa include urbanization patterns in Shanghai, Mexico City, Lagos, and Istanbul; digital lifestyle adoption driven by Netflix, Spotify, and Uber; and sustainability-oriented shifts promoted by United Nations Environment Programme and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2008 financial crisis, and geopolitical developments involving Russia, China, United States, and the European Union have produced rapid lifestyle adaptations, while long-term trajectories are debated in scholarship from institutions including Brookings Institution, Council on Foreign Relations, and International Monetary Fund.
Category:Society