Republic of India
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| Republic of India | |
|---|---|
 Government of India · Public domain · source | |
| Conventional long name | Republic of India |
| National motto | "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit), "Truth Alone Triumphs" |
| National anthem | "Jana Gana Mana" |
| Capital | New Delhi |
| Largest city | Mumbai |
| Official languages | Hindi, English |
| Recognized regional languages | Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu |
| Government type | Federal parliamentary republic |
| Leader title1 | President |
| Leader name1 | Droupadi Murmu |
| Leader title2 | Vice President |
| Leader name2 | Jagdeep Dhankhar |
| Leader title3 | Prime Minister |
| Leader name3 | Narendra Modi |
| Legislature | Parliament of India |
| Upper house | Rajya Sabha |
| Lower house | Lok Sabha |
| Sovereignty type | Independence |
| Established event1 | from the United Kingdom |
| Established date1 | 15 August 1947 |
| Established event2 | Republic declared |
| Established date2 | 26 January 1950 |
| Area km2 | 3,287,263 |
| Area rank | 7th |
| Population estimate | 1,425,775,850 |
| Population estimate year | 2023 |
| Population estimate rank | 1st |
| GDP PPP | $14.59 trillion |
| GDP PPP year | 2024 |
| GDP PPP rank | 3rd |
| GDP nominal | $4.11 trillion |
| GDP nominal year | 2024 |
| GDP nominal rank | 5th |
| Gini | 32.8 |
| Gini year | 2021 |
| Gini change | decrease |
| HDI | 0.644 |
| HDI year | 2022 |
| HDI change | increase |
| HDI rank | 134th |
| Currency | Indian rupee (₹) |
| Currency code | INR |
| Time zone | Indian Standard Time (IST) |
| Utc offset | +05:30 |
| Date format | dd-mm-yyyy |
| Drives on | left |
| Calling code | +91 |
| Cctld | .in |
Republic of India is a vast and diverse nation in South Asia, renowned as the world's most populous democracy. Its modern identity was forged through the Indian independence movement, leading to independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 and the establishment of a sovereign republic in 1950 under its Constitution. The country is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, with its capital in New Delhi and its largest metropolis being the financial hub of Mumbai.
History
The subcontinent is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilisation, and has been shaped by major empires like the Maurya and Gupta dynasties. The medieval period saw the rise of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, which left a profound architectural legacy including the Taj Mahal. Following the arrival of the British East India Company and the subsequent establishment of the British Raj, the Indian independence movement led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru culminated in independence and the traumatic Partition of India. Post-independence history has been marked by wars with Pakistan and China, the leadership of Indira Gandhi, economic liberalization in the 1990s, and the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Geography
Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Its geography is extremely varied, encompassing the northern Himalayan mountain range, the expansive Indo-Gangetic Plain, the Thar Desert in the west, and the coastal Western and Eastern Ghats. Major river systems include the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Yamuna.
Government and politics
It is a federal parliamentary democratic republic, with the President of India as the head of state and the Prime Minister of India as the head of government. The bicameral Parliament of India consists of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The Supreme Court of India is the apex judicial body. The political landscape has long been dominated by the Indian National Congress, but since the late 20th century, the Bharatiya Janata Party and various regional parties like the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Trinamool Congress have grown in influence.
Economy
It has a mixed economy and is one of the world's fastest-growing major economies, with significant sectors in information technology, telecommunications, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. Major financial centers include Mumbai, home to the Bombay Stock Exchange, and Bangalore, a global IT hub. Key economic reforms were initiated in 1991 by then-Finance Minister Mannohan Singh, integrating the country more deeply into the global economy.
Demographics
It is the most populous country in the world, with immense linguistic, religious, and ethnic diversity. Major religious groups include Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Hindi in the Devanagari script is the most widely spoken language, alongside English and 21 other officially recognized languages like Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu. Major urban agglomerations, besides Mumbai and New Delhi, include Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, and Hyderabad.
Culture
Indian culture, with a history spanning millennia, is characterized by its profound philosophical traditions, diverse languages, and rich artistic heritage. It is the birthplace of major religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. The cultural landscape is expressed through classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam and Kathak, music traditions such as seen in both Hindustries, the Mahabharatiya and union territories of India|India and the world, and the world, India India the world, India India India India India India the world, India India India India India India India India India the world India India India India the India the India India world the India India India the India India India India world the India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India world the India India the India India India India the India the the the the the the India the the the India the the the the India the India India India India India the India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India the India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India|Indian rupee|Indian rupee|India's and union territories of India|India