Gujarati language

Gujarati language
Own work based on u:Uwe Dedering · CC BY-SA 3.0 · source
Name	Gujarati
Nativename	ગુજરાતી
States	India
Region	Gujarat
Ethnicity	Gujarati people
Speakers	~57 million
Familycolor	Indo-European
Fam2	Indo-Iranian
Fam3	Indo-Aryan
Fam4	Western
Script	Gujarati script
Nation	India (in Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu)
Iso1	gu
Iso2	guj
Iso3	guj

Contents

History
Geographical distribution
Writing system
Phonology
Grammar
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Gujarati language is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian subcontinent and the official language of the state of Gujarat. It is spoken by approximately 57 million people, primarily in India but also by significant diaspora communities worldwide. The language evolved from Old Gujarati around the 12th century CE and has a rich literary tradition, with the works of poets like Narsinh Mehta and Mohanlal being foundational. It is written in its own distinct Gujarati script, which is derived from the ancient Devanagari script.

History

The language's development is traced through stages from Sanskrit and the Prakrit languages, with Old Gujarati emerging as a distinct literary language by the 12th century under the patronage of the Chaulukya dynasty and the Rajput rulers. The 15th-century poet Narsinh Mehta is revered as its first major literary figure, composing devotional songs dedicated to Krishna. The Jain community played a crucial role in its early literary preservation, producing numerous texts on philosophy and doctrine. The modern form was standardized in the 19th century, influenced by contact with the British Raj and the rise of print culture, with figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Ranchhodlal Udayaram contributing to its modern prose.

Geographical distribution

It is the official language of the Indian state of Gujarat and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Major communities of speakers are found in neighboring states like Maharashtra, particularly in Mumbai, and Rajasthan. Significant diaspora populations exist in East Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and Australia, largely due to historical trade and migration patterns. In regions like Fiji and South Africa, the language has been maintained by communities descended from indentured labourers who left India in the 19th century.

Writing system

The language uses the Gujarati script, an abugida that evolved from the Devanagari script through the intermediary Nāgarī script. It is written from left to right and lacks the horizontal headstroke characteristic of Devanagari. The script was first used for literary purposes in a 1592 manuscript, *"Avantar*", and was standardized in the 19th century. It is also used to write the closely related Kutchi language and, historically, was used for Sanskrit texts by the Jain community. The first printed book using movable type was the Gujarati Bible published in 1820 by the Serampore Mission.

Phonology

The sound system includes a series of voiced and voiceless stops, such as the retroflex consonants common to many Indo-Aryan languages. A notable feature is the presence of murmured (breathy-voiced) consonants, a contrast inherited from Sanskrit. It has three vowel lengths—short, long, and "over-long"—which can distinguish meaning. The syllable structure typically follows a (C)V(C) pattern, and the language has a characteristic intonation pattern. The influence of Persian and Arabic through historical contact has introduced certain phonemes, particularly in formal and literary vocabulary.

Grammar

It follows a typical Subject–object–verb word order and uses postpositions rather than prepositions. Nouns have two genders (masculine and feminine) and three cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative), with number distinctions between singular and plural. Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood, aspect, person, and number, and the language employs both synthetic and analytic verb forms. A distinctive feature is the use of the participle to form complex tenses. The grammar was formally described in the 20th century by linguists like G. N. D. P. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. K. G. P. P. K. G. G. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. P. P. P. K. G. K G. K. K. K. K. K. G. K. K. K. K. K. K. G. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. G. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. G. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. G. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. G. K. K. K. K. K. K. K. G.

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