Every Student Succeeds Act
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| Every Student Succeeds Act | |
|---|---|
| Shorttitle | Every Student Succeeds Act |
| Longtitle | An Act to reauthorize the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 |
| Enactedby | 115th United States Congress |
| Citations | Public Law 114-95 |
| Signeddate | December 10, 2015 |
| Signedby | Barack Obama |
Every Student Succeeds Act is a United States federal law that was enacted to replace the No Child Left Behind Act and aims to improve the performance of America's primary and secondary schools by increasing state control over education policy, reducing the role of the federal Department of Education, and focusing on the needs of disadvantaged students, such as those in New York City Public Schools and Los Angeles Unified School District. The law was signed by President Barack Obama on December 10, 2015, and was supported by Lamar Alexander, Patty Murray, and other key lawmakers, including John Kline and Bobby Scott. The Every Student Succeeds Act has been compared to other federal education laws, such as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the Higher Education Act of 1965, which were signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Introduction
The Every Student Succeeds Act is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, which was a landmark law passed by President Lyndon B. Johnson as part of his Great Society program, with support from Hubert Humphrey and Robert F. Kennedy. The law was designed to provide federal funding to schools in low-income areas, such as those in Detroit Public Schools and Chicago Public Schools, and to hold schools accountable for the performance of their students, as measured by National Assessment of Educational Progress and Program for International Student Assessment. The Every Student Succeeds Act builds on the work of earlier education laws, such as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which were signed into law by President Gerald Ford and President George H.W. Bush, respectively. The law has been influenced by the work of education reformers, such as Diane Ravitch and Michelle Rhee, who have written for The New York Times and The Washington Post.
Legislative History
The Every Student Succeeds Act was the result of a bipartisan effort in Congress, led by Lamar Alexander and Patty Murray, who worked with John Kline and Bobby Scott to draft the legislation, with input from Arne Duncan and John B. King Jr.. The law was passed by the United States Senate on December 9, 2015, with a vote of 85-12, and by the United States House of Representatives on December 2, 2015, with a vote of 359-64, after being supported by National Education Association and American Federation of Teachers. The law was signed by President Barack Obama on December 10, 2015, at a ceremony attended by Jeb Bush and Bill Clinton, among others. The Every Student Succeeds Act has been compared to other federal laws, such as the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which were signed into law by President Barack Obama.
Provisions
The Every Student Succeeds Act includes a number of provisions designed to improve the performance of primary and secondary schools, such as the use of Common Core State Standards Initiative and Next Generation Science Standards. The law requires states to develop their own accountability systems, which must include measures of academic achievement, such as SAT and ACT scores, as well as measures of student growth and graduation rates, as reported by National Center for Education Statistics. The law also includes provisions to support disadvantaged students, such as English language learners and students with disabilities, who are served by organizations such as National Association for Bilingual Education and Council for Exceptional Children. The Every Student Succeeds Act has been influenced by the work of education researchers, such as Diane Ravitch and Carol Ann Tomlinson, who have written for Harvard Educational Review and Journal of Educational Psychology.
Implementation
The implementation of the Every Student Succeeds Act has been overseen by the United States Department of Education, led by John B. King Jr. and Betsy DeVos, who have worked with state education officials, such as New York State Education Department and California Department of Education. The law requires states to submit plans for implementing the law, which must be approved by the United States Department of Education, with input from National Governors Association and Council of Chief State School Officers. The Every Student Succeeds Act has been implemented in states such as California, New York, and Texas, which have developed their own accountability systems, with support from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York.
Impact and Criticism
The Every Student Succeeds Act has been praised by some educators and policymakers, such as Lamar Alexander and Patty Murray, who see it as a step forward in improving the performance of primary and secondary schools, as measured by National Assessment of Educational Progress and Program for International Student Assessment. However, the law has also been criticized by others, such as Diane Ravitch and Jesse Jackson, who argue that it does not do enough to address issues such as school segregation and inequitable funding, which affect schools in Chicago Public Schools and Los Angeles Unified School District. The Every Student Succeeds Act has been compared to other federal education laws, such as the No Child Left Behind Act and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, which were signed into law by President George W. Bush and President Lyndon B. Johnson, respectively.
State Plans and Accountability
The Every Student Succeeds Act requires states to develop their own accountability systems, which must include measures of academic achievement, such as SAT and ACT scores, as well as measures of student growth and graduation rates, as reported by National Center for Education Statistics. The law also requires states to identify and support schools that are struggling, such as those in Detroit Public Schools and Chicago Public Schools, with support from National Education Association and American Federation of Teachers. The Every Student Succeeds Act has been influenced by the work of education researchers, such as Diane Ravitch and Carol Ann Tomlinson, who have written for Harvard Educational Review and Journal of Educational Psychology, and has been implemented in states such as California, New York, and Texas, which have developed their own accountability systems, with support from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York.