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| bonamiosis | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bonamiosis |
| Symptoms | Gill pallor, mantle lesions, reduced growth |
| Onset | Variable |
| Duration | Chronic |
| Causes | Protozoan pathogen |
| Risks | Movement of bivalves, aquaculture practices |
| Prevention | Quarantine, selective breeding, depuration |
| Treatment | None specific; management measures |
bonamiosis
Bonamiosis is a chronic disease of marine bivalves caused by the protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae and related species, first recognized in European oyster culture. It has affected aquaculture, conservation and fisheries policy across multiple jurisdictions and has prompted responses from institutions such as Food and Agriculture Organization, European Commission, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and regional agencies in nations including France, United Kingdom, Spain, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Italy, Norway, United States, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Chile, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Belgium, Greece, Malta, Cyprus, Monaco, Luxembourg, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, North Macedonia, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Portugal, Iceland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Kazakhstan, China, Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Seychelles, Mauritius, Madagascar, Mozambique, Angola, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan.
Bonamiosis is attributed to single-celled eukaryotic protozoans in the genus Bonamia, class Haplosporidia and phylum Haplosporida. The primary etiologic agent is Bonamia ostreae, with additional species including Bonamia exitiosa and related taxa described by researchers affiliated with institutions such as Institute of Marine Research, Ifremer, Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, University of Galway, University of Southampton, University of Lisbon, University of Vigo, University of Brest, University of Cadiz, University of Bordeaux, University of Montpellier, University of Barcelona, University of Valencia, University of Naples Federico II, University of Rome Tor Vergata, University of Milan, Imperial College London, King's College London, University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, Max Planck Society, CNRS, CSIC, CNR. Taxonomic descriptions have been published in journals associated with Nature Publishing Group, Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer Nature, and archived in databases curated by World Organisation for Animal Health and national repositories.
Primary hosts include the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis and related species reported by research groups at Queen's University Belfast, Trinity College Dublin, University College Cork, University of Aberdeen, University of Plymouth, Swansea University, Universidad de Cádiz, Universidade do Porto, Universidade de Lisboa, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, and Université de Montpellier. Secondary hosts and potential reservoirs have been examined in species targeted by laboratories at University of British Columbia, University of Washington, University of California, Davis, University of Tasmania, CSIRO, University of Auckland, NIWA. Geographic occurrence has spanned coasts of Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, and parts of Asia with documented outbreaks reported from regions including Brittany, Normandy, Galicia, Cornwall, Wales, Irish Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Bay of Biscay, Gulf of Maine, Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Patagonia, Tasman Sea, Indo-Pacific locations studied by international projects coordinated by Horizon 2020, INTERREG, Erasmus Mundus, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions.
Infected oysters develop haemocyte parasitism, with microscopic lesions identified by pathologists at Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Animal and Plant Health Agency, US Geological Survey, Smithsonian Institution, and university veterinary schools. Clinical signs include mantle pallor, emaciation, tissue degeneration and increased mortality observed in cohorts monitored by Marine Scotland Science, Marine Institute (Ireland), Ifremer, Institut Pasteur, CSIC teams. Histopathology reveals intracellular parasites within hemocytes, inflammation and organ atrophy reported in papers linked to editorial boards of Journal of Fish Diseases, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, Parasitology, Aquaculture, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.
Transmission pathways inferred from studies at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Bergen Aquarium Research Institute include direct contact, waterborne stages, and anthropogenic movement via seed transfers and shipping regulated by International Maritime Organization, World Trade Organization, World Health Organization. Epidemiological models have been developed by teams at Imperial College London, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Harvard University, Princeton University, University of California, Santa Barbara, Stanford University, employing methods published in outlets such as Proceedings of the Royal Society B, PNAS, Nature Communications.
Diagnostic workflows use histology, molecular assays and surveillance frameworks implemented by agencies including Fisheries and Oceans Canada, US Food and Drug Administration, European Food Safety Authority, Scottish Government laboratories. Techniques include light microscopy, in situ hybridization, conventional PCR, and quantitative PCR developed at Pasteur Institute, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Broad Institute, EMBL-EBI, Max Delbrück Center. Environmental DNA surveys and metagenomics have been applied by teams at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, and university sequencing centers.
Control measures emphasize quarantine, movement restrictions, selective breeding and integrated pest management promoted by agencies such as DEFRA, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Japan), and nongovernmental organizations like WWF, The Nature Conservancy, Rare and industry bodies including European Aquaculture Society, World Aquaculture Society, National Shellfisheries Association. Breeding programs at Marine Institute (Ireland), Ifremer, Institute of Marine Research, and universities aim to enhance resistance using marker-assisted selection and hatchery protocols informed by standards from ISO and regional trade regulations managed by European Commission.
Bonamiosis has led to stock declines, loss of ecosystem services and altered habitats documented in assessments by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, European Environment Agency, United Nations Environment Programme, World Bank, International Union for Conservation of Nature, and national fisheries departments. Economic analyses by FAO and trade organizations highlight impacts on commercial fisheries, artisanal fishers and coastal communities in regions such as Galicia, Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland, Norway, Chile, New Zealand, necessitating policy responses from bodies including European Parliament, National Assembly (France), House of Commons (United Kingdom), Dáil Éireann, Cortes Generales (Spain), Bundestag, Diet (Japan), Congress of the United States.
Category:Marine diseases