This article was accepted into the corpus but its outbound wikilinks were never NER-processed — typical at the deepest BFS hop or when the run's entity cap was reached. No expansion funnel to show.
| Scholarly communication | |
|---|---|
| Name | Scholarly communication |
| Discipline | Research dissemination |
| First appeared | Antiquity |
| Languages | Multilingual |
Scholarly communication is the system through which researchers share findings, critique work, and build cumulative knowledge across fields. It encompasses publication, peer review, conferences, and archives that connect creators, funders, and institutions. Practices vary by region, funding body, and discipline, shaped by libraries, publishers, and professional societies.
The mechanisms of dissemination link creators and audiences across institutions such as Harvard University, University of Oxford, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and University of Cambridge; major publishers including Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley-Blackwell, Taylor & Francis, and Oxford University Press; and aggregators like PubMed Central, arXiv, JSTOR, Scopus, and Web of Science. Peer review systems engage editorial boards drawn from National Institutes of Health, Wellcome Trust, European Research Council, National Science Foundation (United States), and professional societies such as the American Chemical Society and Royal Society. Repositories and infrastructures include Zenodo, Dryad, DataCite, Crossref, and ORCID.
Early scholarly exchange operated through patrons and letters linking figures like Galen, Ibn Sina, Alhazen, Gutenberg, and Johannes Kepler with centers such as Library of Alexandria, Istanbul (Constantinople), Florence, Paris (University), and Cambridge (UK). The modern journal era began with titles tied to institutions including Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and actors like Henry Oldenburg, later expanded by commercial firms such as Robert Maxwell's enterprises and modern conglomerates including Reed Elsevier. Twentieth-century policy shifts involved organizations such as UNESCO, World Health Organization, and national academies including the British Academy. The open access movement mobilized advocates including Peter Suber, Stevan Harnad, Bjørn Lomborg controversies touched funders such as Wellcome Trust and initiatives like the Budapest Open Access Initiative and Plan S by the European Commission and cOAlition S.
Core activities include manuscript preparation guided by standards from organizations such as Committee on Publication Ethics and databases like MEDLINE; submission to journals managed by publishers including Cambridge University Press and SAGE Publications; peer review practices shaped by editorial boards at venues like Nature (journal), Science (journal), The Lancet, Cell (journal), and disciplinary outlets such as Journal of the American Medical Association and IEEE Transactions. Data curation involves services from Figshare, ICPSR, Protein Data Bank, GenBank, and institutional archives at Harvard Library and British Library. Metrics and evaluation use tools from Altmetric, Google Scholar, Clarivate Analytics, and national assessments like the Research Excellence Framework.
Participants span individual researchers affiliated with Princeton University, Yale University, University of Tokyo, and Peking University; funders such as the Gates Foundation, European Research Council, National Institutes of Health, and Agence Nationale de la Recherche; publishers including Elsevier and Springer Nature; librarians at institutions like Library of Congress and Bibliothèque nationale de France; and policy bodies such as Office of Science and Technology Policy (United States), European Commission, and National Academy of Sciences. Other stakeholders include professional societies like the American Physical Society, advocacy groups including SPARC, and technology firms such as Microsoft and Google.
Distribution channels include traditional journals like Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, monograph publishers such as Cambridge University Press, conference proceedings from IEEE, preprint servers like bioRxiv and SSRN, and digital repositories including HAL (France). Formats span peer-reviewed articles, conference presentations at events like International Congress of Mathematicians, doctoral theses submitted to universities such as University of Edinburgh, datasets registered with DataCite, software deposited on platforms like GitHub, and multimedia in institutional repositories of Smithsonian Institution or Library of Congress.
Debates involve access and monopoly concerns tied to publishers including Elsevier and Wiley; reproducibility crises highlighted by cases at journals such as Psychological Science and initiatives like the Reproducibility Project; predatory publishing identified in critiques involving Beall's List; and data privacy issues intersecting with agencies like European Data Protection Board and legislation including General Data Protection Regulation. Evaluation pressures driven by metrics from Clarivate Analytics and Scopus affect behavior, while copyright disputes engage entities like Creative Commons and courts in jurisdictions such as United States and European Union.
Policy frameworks include mandates by funders such as Wellcome Trust, National Institutes of Health, European Research Council, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and national policies from bodies like Research Councils UK and Japan Science and Technology Agency. Incentive structures operate through hiring and promotion committees at Columbia University and University of California, grant review panels at National Science Foundation (United States), and reward systems like the Nobel Prize and Fields Medal that shape publication priorities. Compliance infrastructures use identifiers from ORCID, persistent identifiers from DOI, and repository policies promoted by SPARC and OpenAIRE.