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| Jonglei | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jonglei |
| Settlement type | State |
| Subdivision type | Country |
| Subdivision name | South Sudan |
| Capital | Bor |
| Area total km2 | 121300 |
| Population total | 1,360,000 |
| Population as of | 2008 census |
Jonglei is a large state in South Sudan centered on the town of Bor and bordered by Upper Nile, Unity, Lakes, Eastern Equatoria, and Sudan. The state occupies much of the floodplain of the White Nile and contains significant wetlands, seasonal river systems, and rangelands that connect to the Sudd and the Greater Nile. Jonglei has been a focal point for interactions among groups such as the Dinka, Nuer, Murle and institutions including the Sudanese People's Liberation Movement, the UNMISS, and humanitarian agencies operating after the Second Sudanese Civil War and the South Sudanese Civil War.
Jonglei's territory was shaped by precolonial polities and trade routes linking the Bahr al Ghazal region, the Blue Nile, and caravan routes to Khartoum, later transformed by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan condominium, the Condolence of Sudan administrative restructurings, and the colonial investments in the Sudd drainage debates. During the First Sudanese Civil War and the Second Sudanese Civil War the area was contested by the Sudan People's Liberation Movement and the Sudan Armed Forces, resulting in population movements recorded by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Following the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, Jonglei became part of the autonomous Government of Southern Sudan and later South Sudan at independence in 2011, after which political reorganizations involving the Presidency of South Sudan and the R-ARCSS affected local administration. Recurrent clashes tied to land disputes in South Sudan and cattle-raiding cycles involved actors such as community militias, Mauro Fulla-style local chiefs, and peace initiatives led by the IGAD and faith-based organizations.
Jonglei encompasses the floodplain of the White Nile including seasonal inundation areas linked to the Sudd wetland and tributaries like the Bahr el Jebel and the Bahr el Ghazal River. The state features habitats described in studies by the IUCN and the Food and Agriculture Organization including floodplain grasslands, acacia savanna, and gallery forests that support species cataloged by the African Wildlife Foundation and surveys coordinated with the Smithsonian Institution and BirdLife International. Hydrological proposals such as the historical Jonglei Canal project involved engineering debates with consultants from the World Bank and responses from environmentalists including scholars linked to the University of Khartoum and the University of Juba. Jonglei's climate data are included in analyses by the World Meteorological Organization and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as part of Nile Basin and East African Rift region studies.
The population of Jonglei includes major communities like the Dinka (particularly the Dinka Bor), the Nuer (including the Jikany Nuer), and the Murle, alongside minorities such as the Jur Chol and Balanda. Census work conducted by the Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics and surveys implemented by the United Nations Population Fund and the World Bank detail age structures, fertility rates, and migration influenced by events involving the Second Sudanese Civil War and the South Sudanese Civil War. Social systems in Jonglei incorporate customary authorities such as chiefs recognized by the Ministry of Local Government and conflict-resolution mechanisms observed by mediators from the Community Peace and Development Project and non-governmental groups like Search for Common Ground.
Livelihoods in Jonglei are largely based on agro-pastoralism with activities documented by the Food and Agriculture Organization and USAID including flood-recession agriculture along the White Nile and pastoralism practiced by Dinka and Nuer cattle-keeping communities. Fisheries in floodplain channels connect to regional markets in Juba and Bor and are studied by the International Water Management Institute and the African Development Bank. Economic disruptions from conflicts led international donors such as the European Union and bilateral partners like the United States Department of State to fund recovery programs implemented with partners including the World Food Programme and International Rescue Committee to support livelihoods diversification and market rehabilitation.
Administratively, Jonglei has experienced reorganizations under decrees by the President of South Sudan and legislative actions from the National Legislative Assembly affecting state boundaries and county structures such as those centered on Bor County and Akobo County. Political dynamics involve parties including the Sudan People's Liberation Movement and splinter groups like the South Sudan United Front and interactions with international bodies such as the United Nations Security Council when addressing crises. Traditional authorities coordinate with ministries such as the Ministry of Federal Affairs (South Sudan) and provincial offices established after the Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity agreements.
Infrastructure in Jonglei comprises road links to Juba, seasonal river transport on the White Nile, airstrips used by UNMISS and humanitarian agencies, and health facilities supported by the Ministry of Health (South Sudan) and NGOs like Médecins Sans Frontières. Education services are provided through schools registered with the Ministry of General Education and Instruction and supported by international donors including UNICEF, though access has been constrained by flooding and insecurity cataloged by the International Organization for Migration. Water and sanitation interventions have been implemented with funding from the World Bank and technical partners such as the WaterAid network.
Jonglei has been a center for intercommunal violence, cattle raiding, and armed confrontations involving actors noted by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and documented in reports by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. Humanitarian crises triggered mass displacement tracked by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the Internally Displaced Persons Network, with camps administered in coordination with UNMISS and NGOs like the Norwegian Refugee Council. Responses to food insecurity and epidemics leveraged the World Food Programme, World Health Organization, and donor coordination platforms led by the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations.
Category:States of South Sudan