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| Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan | |
|---|---|
| Name | Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan |
| Long name | Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan |
| Date signed | 2015 |
| Location signed | Addis Ababa |
| Parties | Salva Kiir, Riek Machar, Government of South Sudan, Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-in-Opposition |
| Language | English |
Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan The Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan is a 2015 peace accord intended to end the internal armed conflict that began in 2013 in Juba, South Sudan. Negotiated under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the African Union, and the United Nations, the accord sought to establish a transitional framework for power-sharing, security arrangements, and accountability. The agreement aimed to stabilize relations among prominent figures such as Salva Kiir and Riek Machar while engaging regional actors including Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Uganda.
The conflict that precipitated the Agreement followed political tensions between President Salva Kiir and former Vice President Riek Machar that erupted into armed clashes in Juba in December 2013, producing waves of violence across Unity State, Upper Nile, and Jonglei State. The civil war intersected with longstanding rivalries rooted in the Second Sudanese Civil War, the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, and disputes involving factions of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army. Regional dynamics involved the Government of Sudan, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development mediation efforts led by Ambassador Seyoum Mesfin and figures such as Thabo Mbeki, as well as humanitarian responses from United Nations Mission in South Sudan and agencies like United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and International Committee of the Red Cross.
Primary signatories included representatives of the Government of South Sudan led by Salva Kiir and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-in-Opposition under Riek Machar. Mediators comprised the Intergovernmental Authority on Development chairpersons, the African Union Commission, and the United Nations. International facilitators and stakeholders included the United States Department of State, the European Union External Action Service, and neighbouring capitals such as Addis Ababa and Kampala. Negotiations took place in multiple venues, notably Addis Ababa and Juba, and involved technical committees drawn from the South Sudan Opposition Alliance, civil society actors like Women of South Sudan Network, and faith-based groups connected to the All Africa Conference of Churches.
The Agreement prescribed a cessation of hostilities, formation of a Transitional Government of National Unity, integration and reconfiguration of forces, and timelines for constitutional and electoral processes. It set out the composition of executive institutions involving positions allocated to Salva Kiir and Riek Machar and provisions for appointing ministers from signatory movements including the South Sudan Opposition Alliance. Security provisions addressed cantonment and integration of forces from the Sudan People’s Liberation Army and opposition formations. The accord referenced mechanisms for addressing crimes through institutions similar to Hybrid Court of South Sudan proposals and included provisions for humanitarian access coordinated with United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and World Food Programme operations.
Implementation oversight was entrusted to a Ceasefire and Transitional Security Arrangements Monitoring Mechanism involving representatives from the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the United Nations Mission in South Sudan, and troop-contributing countries including Uganda and Ethiopia. The Monitoring and Verification Mechanism was designed to report breaches to a Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission modeled on earlier commissions such as the Joint Military Commission from prior agreements. International partners including the United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the United States Agency for International Development provided technical and financial support to build capacity for implementation.
The ceasefire provisions mandated separation of forces, cantonment sites, DDR (disarmament, demobilization, reintegration) arrangements, and the reform of security institutions such as the South Sudan Defence Forces-linked structures. The document called for the withdrawal of foreign forces and the deployment of UN peacekeepers from the United Nations Mission in South Sudan to monitor compliance. It proposed timelines for the unification of command under a reconstituted national army drawn from the Sudan People’s Liberation Army, opposition elements, and other armed groups like factions formerly associated with the White Army and local militias in Boma and Pibor areas.
The political architecture envisaged a Transitional Government of National Unity with executive roles allocated among signatories, the reconstitution of the Legislative Assembly, and mechanisms for constitutional review referencing the 2011 Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan. The Agreement established procedures for appointing a Vice President and transitional ministers, and it sought to include movements such as the South Sudan Opposition Alliance and civil society coalitions like South Sudan Law Society in governance. Provisions anticipated a timetable toward elections, drawing on comparative models from the Comprehensive Peace Agreement arrangements and post-conflict transitions in countries like Liberia and Sierra Leone.
The accord committed parties to facilitate humanitarian assistance coordinated with United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, World Food Programme, and International Committee of the Red Cross; to allow return of internally displaced persons in areas including Bentiu and Malakal; and to ensure protection for civilians under international law instruments associated with the United Nations Security Council. Transitional justice elements recommended truth-seeking, victim reparations, and institution-building through mechanisms similar to proposals for a Hybrid Court of South Sudan and truth commissions modeled on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission experiences of other states. The Agreement sought accountability for violations attributed to commanders implicated in incidents investigated by bodies like the UN Panel of Experts on South Sudan.
Category:Peace treaties