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United Arab Emirates

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United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Abdulla Mohammed Al Maainah · Public domain · source
Conventional long nameUnited Arab Emirates
CapitalAbu Dhabi
Largest cityDubai
Official languagesArabic
Government typeFederal elective absolute monarchy
Leader title1President
Leader name1Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Leader title2Prime Minister
Leader name2Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Established event1Trucial States
Established date11820
Established event2Independence from the United Kingdom
Established date22 December 1971
Area km283,600
Population estimate9,282,410
Population estimate year2020
CurrencyUAE dirham
Time zoneGulf Standard Time
Drives onright

United Arab Emirates is a federal absolute monarchy located in Western Asia at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is a federation of seven emirates, with Abu Dhabi serving as the capital and Dubai being the most populous city. The nation is known for its vast oil reserves, modern architecture, and significant global economic influence.

History

The area has been inhabited for millennia, with early archaeological evidence from sites like Al Ain and Hili Archaeological Park indicating ancient agricultural and trading communities. By the 16th century, parts of the coast fell under the influence of Portuguese and later Omani forces. The 18th and 19th centuries saw the rise of the Bani Yas and Al Qasimi tribal confederations, with the latter's perceived piracy leading to British intervention and the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820. This established the Trucial States, a British protectorate that lasted until 1971. Following the British withdrawal, six emirates—Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, and Umm Al Quwain—formed the federation on 2 December 1971, with Ras Al Khaimah joining in early 1972. The first President was Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi, whose leadership oversaw the country's rapid development fueled by oil wealth.

Geography

It is bordered by Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south and west, while sharing maritime borders with Qatar and Iran. The landscape is predominantly arid desert, including a portion of the expansive Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter). The eastern region features the Al Hajar Mountains, which provide a stark contrast with the coastal plains. Significant bodies of water include the Persian Gulf to the north and the Gulf of Oman to the northeast. The climate is classified as subtropical-arid, characterized by extremely hot summers and mild winters. Key environmental areas include the coastal mangroves of Abu Dhabi, the Liwa Oasis, and the Sir Bani Yas island nature reserve.

Government and politics

The political system is a unique federation of seven hereditary absolute monarchies. The Supreme Council, composed of the seven emirate rulers, holds the highest constitutional authority and elects the federation's President and Vice President from among its members. The current President is Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Emir of Abu Dhabi, and the Vice President and Prime Minister is Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Emir of Dubai. Federal legislative power is vested in the Federal National Council, a partially elected advisory body. The Federal Supreme Court heads the independent judiciary. Foreign policy is notably aligned with the Gulf Cooperation Council and maintains strong defense ties with nations like the United States and France.

Economy

It possesses the world's seventh-largest proven oil reserves, with the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) as a central player, though the economy has successfully diversified. Dubai has emerged as a global hub for tourism, aviation—centered on Emirates airline and Dubai International Airport—real estate, and financial services, hosting the Dubai International Financial Centre. Major projects like Burj Khalifa, Palm Jumeirah, and the upcoming Expo 2020 site symbolize this transformation. Other significant sectors include aluminum production by Emirates Global Aluminium, port operations at Jebel Ali Port, and a growing focus on renewable energy through initiatives like Masdar in Abu Dhabi. The currency is the UAE dirham, which is pegged to the US dollar.

Demographics and culture

The population is exceptionally diverse, with Emirati citizens constituting a minority; a large majority are expatriate workers from South Asia, the Philippines, Egypt, and other Arab countries. Islam is the official state religion, with the Maliki and Hanbali schools of jurisprudence predominant, and the Federal Supreme Court includes Islamic sharia judges. Traditional culture is rooted in Bedouin heritage, with popular activities including camel racing, falconry, and dhow sailing. The official language is Arabic, but English is widely used. The annual Dubai Shopping Festival, the Abu Dhabi Film Festival, and institutions like the Louvre Abu Dhabi and Sharjah Art Foundation highlight a vibrant cultural scene. The national football team competes under the auspices of the Asian Football Confederation.

Category:United Arab Emirates Category:Countries in Asia Category:Member states of the Arab League