Johor
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| Johor | |
|---|---|
| Name | Johor |
| Native name | Johor Darul Ta'zim |
| Settlement type | State of Malaysia |
| Motto | Kepada Allah Berserah |
| Anthem | Lagu Bangsa Johor |
| Coordinates | 1, 29, 14, N... |
| Capital | Johor Bahru |
| Royal capital | Muar |
| Largest city | Johor Bahru |
| Official languages | Malay |
| Government type | Parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
| Leader title1 | Sultan of Johor |
| Leader name1 | Ibrahim Ismail of Johor |
| Leader title2 | Menteri Besar |
| Leader name2 | Onn Hafiz Ghazi |
| Area total km2 | 19,210 |
| Population estimate | 4,010,000 |
| Population estimate year | 2020 |
Johor. It is a state in southern Peninsular Malaysia, forming part of the core territories of the Federation of Malaya and later Malaysia. Bordered by Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest, it shares a maritime boundary with the Riau Islands of Indonesia and is connected to Singapore via the Johor–Singapore Causeway and the Malaysia–Singapore Second Link. The state capital, Johor Bahru, is a major economic hub and the seat of the Sultan of Johor, with the royal town being Muar.
History
The region's early history is linked to the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires, with significant later development under the Malacca Sultanate. Following the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511, the last sultan, Mahmud Shah, established a successor kingdom in the area. The modern entity was formally founded by Tun Habib Abdul Majid and later consolidated by Sultan Abu Bakar, who signed a critical treaty with the United Kingdom in 1885. This period saw the establishment of the Johor Sultanate's modern administration and its involvement in events like the Jementah Civil War. It became a British protectorate under the Anglo-Japanese Treaty framework before joining the Unfederated Malay States. During World War II, it was the site of the Battle of Muar and was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army. Post-war, it was a key member of the Federation of Malaya, gaining independence in 1957.
Geography
Occupying the southern portion of the Malay Peninsula, it features a long coastline along the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Key geographical features include the Endau-Rompin National Park, one of the oldest tropical rainforest complexes in the world, and the Kukup mangrove forests. The terrain comprises coastal plains, hills, and river systems such as the Johor River and the Endau River. It includes several islands, most notably Pulau Tioman (administered by Pahang) and Pulau Sibu. The state experiences a tropical rainforest climate with high humidity and rainfall influenced by the northeast and southwest monsoons.
Economy
Historically reliant on commodities like black pepper and gambier, its economy transformed with the introduction of rubber and oil palm plantations. Today, it is a major industrial and logistics powerhouse, anchored by the Iskandar Malaysia development corridor and the Port of Tanjung Pelepas. Key sectors include electronics manufacturing, petrochemical processing centered in Pasir Gudang, and oil refining. It is a global leader in palm oil production and a significant exporter of pineapples and other agricultural products. The state also benefits from tourism linked to Legoland Malaysia, Desaru Coast, and its proximity to Singapore.
Demographics
It has one of the most populous and diverse populations in Malaysia. The demographic composition is predominantly Malay, with large communities of Chinese and Indians, alongside smaller groups like the Orang Asli and the Javanese. Major urban centers include Johor Bahru, Pasir Gudang, Batu Pahat, and Kluang. The population is predominantly Muslim, with significant adherents of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Chinese folk religion. The main languages are Malay, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil, and English.
Culture
The culture is a blend of Malay traditions with Chinese, Indian, and indigenous influences. It is the birthplace of Zapin dance and the traditional Kuda kepang performance. The state's culinary heritage includes dishes like Laksa Johor, Mee Bandung Muar, and Otak-otak. It hosts major festivals such as the Johor Bahru Arts Festival and the Kota Tinggi Firefly Festival. The Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque and the Istana Besar are iconic architectural landmarks. The state is also known for its vibrant batik designs and traditional songket weaving.
Government and politics
The government is a constitutional monarchy, with the hereditary Sultan of Johor as the head of state. The current ruler is Ibrahim Ismail of Johor. Executive power is exercised by the Menteri Besar and the State Executive Council, led since 2022 by Onn Hafiz Ghazi of Barisan Nasional. The legislative branch is the unicameral Johor State Legislative Assembly, which convenes in Bukit Timbalan. The state is represented in the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Negara of the Parliament of Malaysia. Major political parties active here include the United Malays National Organisation, the Democratic Action Party, and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party.