Hellenic Parliament

Hellenic Parliament. The Βουλή των Ελλήνων is the supreme democratic institution of Greece, functioning as the country's unicameral legislature. It holds legislative power, oversees the executive branch, and approves the national budget. The Parliament is composed of 300 members elected for a four-year term through a reinforced proportional system and convenes in the historic Old Royal Palace on Syntagma Square in Athens.

History

The origins of the Hellenic Parliament trace back to the Greek War of Independence, with the first national assemblies convened in Epidaurus and Astros. The modern institution was formally established by the 1843 Constitution following the September 3rd Revolution, which forced King Otto to grant a constitution. Throughout its history, the Parliament has been suspended during periods of dictatorship, such as the Metaxas Regime and the 1967–1974 junta. Its pivotal role was restored with the Metapolitefsi and the ratification of the current 1975 Constitution, solidifying the Third Hellenic Republic.

Composition and electoral system

The Parliament consists of 300 Members of Parliament (MPs) elected by universal suffrage for a four-year term. Elections are governed by a system of Reinforced proportional representation, which includes a nationwide threshold of three percent and a 20-seat bonus for the leading party to facilitate governmental stability. The country is divided into 59 multi-member constituencies, with seats allocated based on votes cast for party lists. Twelve MPs are elected from a single state-wide constituency representing Greeks living abroad.

Powers and functions

As defined by the Constitution, the Parliament exercises critical powers including the vote of confidence in the Prime Minister and the Government. It enacts and amends statutes, approves the state budget and international treaties like those of the European Union, and has the power to impeach the President and ministers. It also oversees the executive through parliamentary control mechanisms such as interpellations and investigations conducted by special committees.

Building and facilities

The Parliament has been housed in the Old Royal Palace on Syntagma Square since 1935. This neoclassical building, originally constructed for King Otto by architect Friedrich von Gärtner, also contains the ceremonial Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, guarded by the Evzones of the Presidential Guard. The complex includes the main debating chamber, extensive parliamentary archives, libraries, and committee rooms. The surrounding area, including the National Garden, is a central political and historical site in Athens.

Parliamentary procedures

Legislative work follows a structured process where bills are introduced by the Government or MPs and reviewed by relevant standing committees such as those on Financial Affairs or Foreign Affairs. Debates and votes are presided over by the Speaker and the Presidium. Key procedures include the Prime Minister’s Question Time, votes of confidence, and the investigation of government actions. Sessions are governed by the Standing Orders and are publicly broadcast.

Current composition and leadership

Following the June 2023 elections, the largest party is New Democracy led by Kyriakos Mitsotakis, which holds an absolute majority. The major opposition parties are Syriza under Stefanos Kasselakis, PASOK – Movement for Change led by Nikos Androulakis, and the Communist Party of Greece under Dimitris Koutsoumpas. The Speaker is Konstantinos Tasoulas, elected by the plenum. The current composition reflects a fragmented opposition including parties like Greek Solution, the Spartans, and the Course of Freedom.