SHA-3

SHA-3
Name	SHA-3
Also known as	Keccak
Designers	Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters, Gilles Van Assche
Related to	SHA-2, SHA-1, MD5

SHA-3 is a cryptographic hash function designed by Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters, and Gilles Van Assche as part of the Keccak project, which was selected as the winner of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) hash function competition in 2012, following the AES competition. The development of SHA-3 was influenced by the work of Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman, who designed the RSA algorithm, and Bruce Schneier, who developed the Blowfish algorithm. The SHA-3 hash function is also known as Keccak, which was named after the Persian word for "hash", and is related to other hash functions such as SHA-2 and SHA-1, which were designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) and NIST. The SHA-3 hash function has been widely adopted and is used in various applications, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Linux.

Introduction

The SHA-3 hash function is designed to provide a secure way to create digital signatures, such as those used in SSL/TLS and IPsec, and to verify the integrity of data, such as that used in Git and Mercurial. The SHA-3 hash function is based on the sponge construction, which was developed by Guido Bertoni and Joan Daemen, and is designed to be more secure than previous hash functions, such as MD5 and SHA-1, which were developed by Ronald Rivest and NIST. The SHA-3 hash function has been implemented in various programming languages, including C, Java, and Python, and is used in various applications, including Apache, OpenSSL, and GnuPG. The development of SHA-3 was influenced by the work of Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, who developed the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, and Ralph Merkle, who developed the Merkle tree.

History

The development of SHA-3 began in 2007, when NIST announced a competition to develop a new hash function, following the discovery of vulnerabilities in MD5 and SHA-1 by Cryptography Research, Inc. and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The competition was won by the Keccak team, which consisted of Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters, and Gilles Van Assche, and the SHA-3 hash function was officially published in 2015, following a period of public review and testing by Microsoft Research, Google, and IBM Research. The development of SHA-3 was influenced by the work of Claude Shannon, who developed the Shannon-Fano coding, and Alan Turing, who developed the Turing machine. The SHA-3 hash function has been widely adopted and is used in various applications, including Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and Microsoft Azure.

Design

The SHA-3 hash function is based on the sponge construction, which consists of a permutation and a padding scheme, and is designed to be more secure than previous hash functions, such as SHA-2 and SHA-1, which were developed by NIST and NSA. The SHA-3 hash function uses a bitwise XOR operation and a rotation operation to mix the input data, and is designed to be highly secure and efficient, with a high level of collision resistance and preimage resistance, as required by FIPS 140-2 and ISO/IEC 10118-3. The SHA-3 hash function has been implemented in various hardware platforms, including ASIC and FPGA, and is used in various applications, including Intel and ARM processors. The development of SHA-3 was influenced by the work of Donald Knuth, who developed the Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm, and Robert Tarjan, who developed the Tarjan's algorithm.

Security

The SHA-3 hash function is designed to provide a high level of security, with a high level of collision resistance and preimage resistance, as required by FIPS 140-2 and ISO/IEC 10118-3. The SHA-3 hash function has been extensively tested and analyzed by Cryptography Research, Inc., University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), and has been shown to be highly secure and efficient, with a high level of resistance to side-channel attacks and quantum computer attacks, as required by NIST and NSA. The SHA-3 hash function has been widely adopted and is used in various applications, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Linux, and is supported by various organizations, including Google, Microsoft, and Amazon.

Implementations

The SHA-3 hash function has been implemented in various programming languages, including C, Java, and Python, and is used in various applications, including Apache, OpenSSL, and GnuPG. The SHA-3 hash function has also been implemented in various hardware platforms, including ASIC and FPGA, and is used in various applications, including Intel and ARM processors. The development of SHA-3 was influenced by the work of Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, who developed the C programming language, and James Gosling, who developed the Java programming language. The SHA-3 hash function has been widely adopted and is used in various applications, including Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and Microsoft Azure.

Comparison_to_SHA-2

The SHA-3 hash function is designed to be more secure than SHA-2, which was developed by NIST and NSA, and is widely used in various applications, including SSL/TLS and IPsec. The SHA-3 hash function has a higher level of collision resistance and preimage resistance than SHA-2, and is designed to be more efficient and secure, with a higher level of resistance to side-channel attacks and quantum computer attacks, as required by NIST and NSA. The SHA-3 hash function has been widely adopted and is used in various applications, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Linux, and is supported by various organizations, including Google, Microsoft, and Amazon. The development of SHA-3 was influenced by the work of Ralph Merkle, who developed the Merkle tree, and Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, who developed the Diffie-Hellman key exchange.

Category:Cryptography