Khedive of Egypt

Khedive of Egypt was a title held by the rulers of Egypt from 1867 to 1914, during the Ottoman Empire's period of decline. The title was created by the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz for Ismail Pasha, who had been the Wali of Egypt since 1863, and was a sign of the increasing autonomy of Egypt from the Ottoman Empire. The Khedive of Egypt was also recognized by the United Kingdom and France, who had significant interests in the Suez Canal, which connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through Egypt. The Khedive of Egypt played a crucial role in the development of Egypt's infrastructure, including the construction of the Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869 with the help of the Suez Canal Company and Ferdinand de Lesseps.

● History of

the Khedivate The history of the Khedivate of Egypt began in 1867, when Ismail Pasha was granted the title of Khedive by the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz. This marked a significant increase in the autonomy of Egypt from the Ottoman Empire, and allowed the Khedive of Egypt to pursue his own foreign and domestic policies, including the modernization of Egypt's infrastructure and the expansion of its economy, with the help of European powers such as the United Kingdom and France. The Khedive of Egypt also played a key role in the development of Africa, particularly in the Sudan and Ethiopia, where Egypt had significant territorial claims, and was involved in conflicts such as the Mahdist War and the First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Khedive of Egypt was also a key player in the Scramble for Africa, and was involved in the Berlin Conference and the Fashoda Incident.

● List of Khedives

The list of Khedives of Egypt includes Ismail Pasha, who ruled from 1867 to 1879, and was succeeded by his son Tewfik Pasha, who ruled from 1879 to 1892. Tewfik Pasha was in turn succeeded by his son Abbas II, who ruled from 1892 to 1914, and was the last Khedive of Egypt. Other notable figures who played a significant role in the Khedivate of Egypt include Nubar Pasha, who served as Prime Minister of Egypt under Ismail Pasha and Tewfik Pasha, and Boghos Nubar, who served as Foreign Minister of Egypt under Abbas II. The Khedives of Egypt were also advised by European experts, such as Lord Cromer, who served as Consul-General of Egypt from 1883 to 1907, and Sir Eldon Gorst, who served as Consul-General of Egypt from 1907 to 1911.

● Powers and Responsibilities

The Khedive of Egypt had significant powers and responsibilities, including the ability to appoint and dismiss Ministers of Egypt, and to approve or reject laws of Egypt. The Khedive of Egypt was also responsible for the foreign policy of Egypt, and played a key role in the development of Egypt's relationships with other countries, including the United Kingdom, France, and the Ottoman Empire. The Khedive of Egypt was also responsible for the defense of Egypt, and was the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Army, which was involved in conflicts such as the Anglo-Egyptian War and the Sudan Campaign. The Khedive of Egypt was also advised by the Egyptian Council of Ministers, which included notable figures such as Butrus Ghali, who served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 1908 to 1910, and Muhammad Said Pasha, who served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 1910 to 1914.

● Relationship with

the Ottoman Empire The Khedive of Egypt had a complex relationship with the Ottoman Empire, which was the suzerain power of Egypt from 1517 to 1914. The Khedive of Egypt was required to recognize the authority of the Ottoman Sultan, and to pay an annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire. However, the Khedive of Egypt also had significant autonomy, and was able to pursue his own foreign and domestic policies, including the modernization of Egypt's infrastructure and the expansion of its economy, with the help of European powers such as the United Kingdom and France. The Khedive of Egypt was also involved in conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, such as the Cretan War and the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. The Khedive of Egypt was also advised by Ottoman experts, such as Küçük Mehmet Sait Pasha, who served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1879 to 1880.

● Abolition of

the Khedivate The Khedivate of Egypt was abolished in 1914, when Egypt was declared a British protectorate by the United Kingdom. This followed the Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I on the side of the Central Powers, and the United Kingdom's decision to take control of Egypt to protect its interests in the Suez Canal and the Middle East. The last Khedive of Egypt, Abbas II, was exiled to Switzerland, and a new Sultan of Egypt was appointed by the United Kingdom. The abolition of the Khedivate of Egypt marked the end of a significant period in Egypt's history, and had a profound impact on the development of Egypt and the Middle East in the 20th century, including the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 and the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. The Khedivate of Egypt also played a significant role in the development of Arab nationalism, and was involved in the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I.