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BLAKE2

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Article Genealogy
Parent: public-key cryptography Hop 4
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BLAKE2
NameBLAKE2
DesignersJean-Philippe Aumasson, Samuel Neves, Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn, Christian Winnerlein
Year2012
Based onBLAKE (hash function), SHA-3
Related toSkein (hash function), Keccak

BLAKE2 is a cryptographic hash function designed by Jean-Philippe Aumasson, Samuel Neves, Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn, and Christian Winnerlein in 2012, as a successor to the BLAKE (hash function) and a candidate for the SHA-3 competition, which was won by Keccak. The design of BLAKE2 was influenced by the Skein (hash function) and SHA-256 algorithms, and it has been widely adopted in various cryptographic protocols, including TLS and IPsec. BLAKE2 has been implemented in many programming languages, including C, C++, and Python, and it is used in various operating systems, such as Linux and Windows.

Introduction

BLAKE2 is a family of hash functions that includes BLAKE2b and BLAKE2s, which are optimized for 64-bit and 32-bit platforms, respectively. The design of BLAKE2 is based on the HAIFA construction, which is a Merkle–Damgård construction with a hash compressor that uses a substitution-permutation network. BLAKE2 is designed to be highly secure and efficient, with a high throughput and a low latency, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including data integrity, digital signatures, and password storage. The security of BLAKE2 has been extensively analyzed by cryptographers, including Bruce Schneier and Niels Ferguson, and it has been shown to be resistant to various types of attacks, including collision attacks and preimage attacks.

History

The development of BLAKE2 was motivated by the need for a highly secure and efficient hash function that could be used as a replacement for the MD5 and SHA-1 algorithms, which have been shown to be vulnerable to various types of attacks. The design of BLAKE2 was influenced by the BLAKE (hash function) and the Skein (hash function), and it was submitted to the SHA-3 competition, which was organized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Although BLAKE2 was not selected as the winner of the competition, it has been widely adopted in various cryptographic protocols and applications, including TLS and IPsec. The development of BLAKE2 was supported by various organizations, including the University of Cambridge and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.

Design

The design of BLAKE2 is based on the HAIFA construction, which is a Merkle–Damgård construction with a hash compressor that uses a substitution-permutation network. The hash compressor of BLAKE2 uses a combination of bitwise operations, including XOR and rotation, to mix the input data and produce a highly entropic output. The design of BLAKE2 also includes a number of security features, including a salt value and a personalization string, which can be used to customize the hash function for specific applications. The security of BLAKE2 has been extensively analyzed by cryptographers, including Adi Shamir and Ron Rivest, and it has been shown to be resistant to various types of attacks, including collision attacks and preimage attacks.

Security

The security of BLAKE2 is based on the difficulty of finding collisions and preimages, which are the primary attacks against hash functions. The design of BLAKE2 includes a number of security features, including a salt value and a personalization string, which can be used to customize the hash function for specific applications. The security of BLAKE2 has been extensively analyzed by cryptographers, including Bruce Schneier and Niels Ferguson, and it has been shown to be resistant to various types of attacks, including collision attacks and preimage attacks. The use of BLAKE2 in various cryptographic protocols, including TLS and IPsec, provides a high level of security and data integrity for communication networks and data storage systems.

Implementations

BLAKE2 has been implemented in many programming languages, including C, C++, and Python, and it is used in various operating systems, such as Linux and Windows. The implementation of BLAKE2 in hardware and software has been optimized for high throughput and low latency, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including data integrity, digital signatures, and password storage. The use of BLAKE2 in various cryptographic protocols, including TLS and IPsec, provides a high level of security and data integrity for communication networks and data storage systems. The implementation of BLAKE2 has been supported by various organizations, including the University of Cambridge and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.

Comparison_to_other_hash_functions

BLAKE2 is compared to other hash functions, including SHA-256 and SHA-3, in terms of its security, efficiency, and implementation complexity. The design of BLAKE2 is based on the HAIFA construction, which is a Merkle–Damgård construction with a hash compressor that uses a substitution-permutation network. The security of BLAKE2 is based on the difficulty of finding collisions and preimages, which are the primary attacks against hash functions. The use of BLAKE2 in various cryptographic protocols, including TLS and IPsec, provides a high level of security and data integrity for communication networks and data storage systems. The comparison of BLAKE2 to other hash functions, including Skein (hash function) and Keccak, has been performed by various cryptographers, including Adi Shamir and Ron Rivest, and it has been shown to be a highly secure and efficient hash function.

Category:Cryptography