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| carbon tax | |
|---|---|
| Name | Carbon tax |
| Type | Environmental tax |
| Introduced | Various |
| Purpose | Reduce greenhouse gas emissions |
carbon tax
A carbon tax is a market-based fiscal instrument aimed at reducing emissions by assigning a price to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas releases. It intersects with energy policy, fiscal policy, and climate diplomacy through mechanisms that affect fossil fuel producers, consumers, and technological innovators. Proponents and critics invoke evidence from modeling, international negotiations, and national experiments to argue about effectiveness, equity, and economic consequences.
A carbon tax sits within debates involving United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, European Commission, G20, United States Congress, Parliament of the United Kingdom, Bundestag, National People's Congress (China), Parliament of Canada, Australian Parliament, New Zealand Parliament, Senate of the Philippines and other legislative bodies. Historical milestones and analyses often reference institutions such as Royal Society, National Academy of Sciences (United States), Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Met Office Hadley Centre, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Yale University, Princeton University, Harvard University, Columbia University, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, ETH Zurich, Tsinghua University, Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Germany), Agència de l'Energia de Catalunya.
Design elements are debated in forums including International Energy Agency, Energy Information Administration, European Environment Agency, California Air Resources Board, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Western Climate Initiative, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Electric Power Research Institute, Brookings Institution, Resources for the Future, World Resources Institute, Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Carbon Disclosure Project, Climate Policy Initiative, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Granthan Institute and legislative committees such as House Committee on Energy and Commerce (United States). Key choices include tax base, coverage (stationary sources, International Civil Aviation Organization fuels, maritime emissions), rate trajectory, indexation to inflation, and use of revenues. Revenue recycling options considered by Treasury (United States Department of the Treasury), HM Treasury, Bundesministerium der Finanzen (Germany), Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat include lump-sum rebates, progressive taxation adjustments, targeted transfers to households, infrastructure investment, or cuts to payroll and corporate taxes.
Modeling studies by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Energy Modeling Forum, National Bureau of Economic Research, Econometric Society, Journal of Political Economy, American Economic Association, Review of Economic Studies, Centre for Economic Policy Research, OECD Economics Department, Federal Reserve Board, European Central Bank, Bank of England, Bank of Canada, IMF Fiscal Affairs Department analyze impacts on output, employment, competitiveness, and inflation. Computable general equilibrium models, integrated assessment models like DICE, FUND, PAGE, and sectoral models developed at MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Stanford Energy Modeling Forum assess cost-effectiveness, welfare, and distributional incidence. Studies reference firms such as ExxonMobil, BP, Shell, TotalEnergies, Chevron, NextEra Energy, Siemens Energy, Vestas Wind Systems, General Electric, and sectors including International Air Transport Association, European Automobile Manufacturers Association, Confederation of British Industry, National Mining Association (United States).
Environmental outcomes are evaluated with observational studies from monitoring networks managed by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, European Space Agency, Copernicus Programme, Global Carbon Project, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, China Meteorological Administration, Japan Meteorological Agency, Environment and Climate Change Canada and academic centers including Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Social equity discussions involve civil society organizations such as Greenpeace International, World Wildlife Fund, Sierra Club, 350.org, Oxfam International, International Labour Organization, Union of Concerned Scientists, Friends of the Earth International, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities and labor unions like AFL–CIO, Trades Union Congress (United Kingdom), Australian Council of Trade Unions. Effects on public health cite research from World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health England (now UK Health Security Agency), Robert Koch Institute, Canadian Institute for Health Research.
Variants include hybrid schemes discussed by European Commission Directorate-General for Climate Action, California Air Resources Board, Canadian Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, Australian Department of the Environment and Energy, South African Department of Environmental Affairs, Mexican Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources, Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, Japanese Ministry of the Environment, Korean Ministry of Environment, Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. Comparative instruments include emissions trading systems such as the European Union Emissions Trading System, Chinese national emissions trading scheme, California Cap-and-Trade Program, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, direct regulation like Clean Air Act, Energy Efficiency Directive, and sectoral policies including Renewable Energy Directive, Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards, and subsidy reforms for fossil fuels debated at G20 Leaders' Summit and United Nations Climate Change Conference COPs.
National and subnational experiments are documented for Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, Iceland, Canada, British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec, Ontario, United States (Regional initiatives), California, Massachusetts, New York (state), Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Chile, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Indonesia, Philippines, China (pilot ETS and considerations), Ghana, Rwanda, Costa Rica, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay and city-level pilots involving City of London Corporation, Paris, Berlin Senate, Oslo municipality, Stockholm City Hall, Copenhagen Municipality, Singapore, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires.
Political narratives involve parties and actors such as Conservative Party (UK), Labour Party (UK), Democratic Party (United States), Republican Party (United States), Liberal Party of Canada, Conservative Party of Canada, Australian Labor Party, Liberal-National Coalition (Australia), Green Party of England and Wales, Green Party of Canada, Ecology Party (Netherlands), Social Democratic Party of Germany, Christian Democratic Union of Germany, French Socialist Party, La République En Marche!, Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, Joe Biden, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Emmanuel Macron, Angela Merkel, Justin Trudeau, Jair Bolsonaro, Scott Morrison, Jacinda Ardern, and advocacy coalitions including Climate Action Network, Citizens' Climate Lobby, RepublicEn, Environmental Defense Fund, Rocky Mountain Institute. Opinion polling appears in outlets such as Pew Research Center, YouGov, Ipsos, Gallup, Eurobarometer, National Review analyses and is shaped by media organizations like BBC News, The New York Times, The Guardian, Le Monde, Der Spiegel, The Washington Post, Financial Times, Reuters, Bloomberg News, Al Jazeera.
Category:Environmental policy