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| United States Office of Management and Budget | |
|---|---|
| Agency name | Office of Management and Budget |
| Formed | 1970 |
| Preceding1 | Bureau of the Budget |
| Jurisdiction | United States federal government |
| Headquarters | Eisenhower Executive Office Building, Washington, D.C. |
| Parent agency | Executive Office of the President |
United States Office of Management and Budget is a central Executive Office of the President component responsible for producing the United States federal budget, coordinating fiscal policy and reviewing regulatory proposals, and overseeing management practices across federal agencies. It operates at the intersection of presidential priorities from administrations such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Richard Nixon, and Barack Obama and statutory frameworks like the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, the Paperwork Reduction Act, and the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974.
The agency traces origins to the Budget Bureau created under the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 and evolved through transformations involving officials such as Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and directors appointed by presidents including Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Jimmy Carter. Reorganized into its modern form during the Nixon administration alongside the establishment of the Executive Office of the President, it absorbed functions from entities linked to the Bureau of the Budget and shifted responsibilities through legislation like the Administrative Procedure Act and the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980. Major reorganizations and statutory changes under presidents such as Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush affected its role in managing federal procurement, performance measurement, and budget execution, while directors drawn from figures associated with OMB-adjacent institutions like the Council of Economic Advisers and Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs shaped its evolution.
The office is structured into programmatic and functional divisions overseen by a Director and Deputy Director nominated by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate, similar to appointments in the Department of the Treasury, Department of Defense, and Department of Justice. Leadership frequently includes officials with backgrounds in institutions such as the Brookings Institution, American Enterprise Institute, Harvard Kennedy School, and Council on Foreign Relations, and has included directors who previously served at the Office of Management and Budget-analogous agencies in states, in the Congressional Budget Office, or in executive roles under presidents like Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Internal offices mirror functions found in the Office of Personnel Management and General Services Administration, and coordinate with congressional committees such as the House Committee on the Budget and the Senate Committee on the Budget.
The office produces the president's annual budget submission to Congress of the United States, setting spending and revenue priorities that interact with laws such as the Antideficiency Act and procedures in the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. It issues guidance to agencies like the Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Education, and Department of Homeland Security on budget formulation, program performance standards similar to those used by the Government Accountability Office, and implements scoring conventions related to estimates by the Congressional Budget Office. The office also manages apportionment under the Anti-Deficiency Act and participates in deficit projections alongside the Federal Reserve Board and the Office of Management and Budget-adjacent Council of Economic Advisers.
A central component is the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), which conducts regulatory review and oversight of rules proposed by agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Labor, and Securities and Exchange Commission. OIRA's review process applies executive orders from presidents including Ronald Reagan, William J. Clinton, and Donald Trump and interacts with statutes like the Administrative Procedure Act; it convenes interagency consultations comparable to practices in the National Economic Council and interacts with stakeholders such as the Small Business Administration and industry groups. Directors of OIRA have been prominent figures with ties to the White House and policy think tanks, and OIRA's role has been litigated in cases before the Supreme Court of the United States involving questions of deference and administrative law.
The office administers performance assessment frameworks and evidence-building initiatives that engage agencies including the Department of Education, Department of Health and Human Services, and Department of Labor and work with evaluators from institutions such as the National Academy of Sciences and the Government Accountability Office. It oversees program evaluation activities that employ randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs, and cost–benefit analysis methodologies used by researchers at Brookings Institution, Abt Associates, and academic centers at Harvard University and Stanford University. The office coordinates grant guidance affecting programs under statutes like the Higher Education Act and the Social Security Act and supports data-driven policymaking paralleling initiatives in the Office of the Chief Technology Officer of various states.
The office issues policies on federal information technology procurement, cybersecurity standards, and data governance that affect agencies such as the Department of Defense, National Institutes of Health, and Internal Revenue Service. Its guidance aligns with executive actions on federal IT modernization championed by administrations like Barack Obama and Donald Trump and works with entities including the General Services Administration, the Federal Chief Information Officers Council, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology on standards like the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. The office also shapes open data and privacy practices consistent with laws such as the Privacy Act of 1974 and collaborates with research bodies at Carnegie Mellon University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The office has faced criticism from scholars at Yale University, Columbia University, and policy organizations such as the American Enterprise Institute and Center for American Progress over perceived politicization of budget estimates, regulatory review delays affecting the Environmental Protection Agency and Federal Communications Commission, and transparency concerns raised in hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and the House Committee on Oversight and Reform. Litigation involving parties including State of New York, American Petroleum Institute, and Chamber of Commerce has challenged aspects of its review authority, while investigative reporting by outlets like The New York Times and The Washington Post has highlighted debates over staff turnover and executive direction during transitions between administrations such as those of George W. Bush and Barack Obama.
Category:United States federal executive departments and agencies