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| Thirteenth United States Census | |
|---|---|
| Name | Thirteenth United States Census |
| Country | United States |
| Year | 1910 |
| Population | 92,228,496 |
| Percent change | 21.0% |
| Date | April 15, 1910 |
| Previous | Twelfth United States Census (1900) |
| Next | Fourteenth United States Census (1920) |
Thirteenth United States Census was the decennial enumeration of the population of the United States conducted in 1910 under the supervision of the Census Bureau (United States Department of Commerce). The census recorded a total of 92,228,496 residents, marking significant demographic shifts during the Progressive Era, the height of the Second Industrial Revolution, and large waves of immigration associated with ports such as Ellis Island and San Francisco Bay. The enumeration influenced representation under the United States Constitution and intersected with political debates involving figures like William Howard Taft and institutions such as the United States House of Representatives.
The census was carried out against the backdrop of rapid urbanization centered on cities including New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, and St. Louis, and amid migratory movements linking rural states such as Iowa and Kansas with industrial hubs like Pittsburgh and Cleveland. Legislative authority derived from provisions of the United States Constitution and acts of Congress debated in chambers of the Sixty-first United States Congress during the administration of William Howard Taft. Scholarly commentary from members of the American Statistical Association, observers at Harvard University and Yale University, and journalists at outlets like The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Chicago Tribune emphasized implications for policy debates involving Progressivism and reformers associated with Florence Kelley and Jane Addams. Internationally, demographers compared results with censuses from countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy.
Enumerators employed forms and procedures developed by officials from the Census Bureau (United States Department of Commerce), guided by statistical practices promoted by organizations including the International Statistical Institute and the Royal Statistical Society. Data collection covered households in urban wards administered by city governments like New York City’s boroughs and rural townships governed by county seats such as Los Angeles County and Cook County. Questions addressed birthplace categories tied to nations like Ireland, Italy, Russia, Germany, and China, and occupational classifications reflecting employment in sectors dominated by companies such as U.S. Steel, Standard Oil, Westinghouse Electric Company, and Pullman Company. Enumerators recorded details that informed analyses by scholars at institutions such as Columbia University and agencies like the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics and influenced public health officials in organizations including the American Public Health Association.
The census revealed population concentrations in metropolitan regions including New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, and St. Louis, with marked growth among immigrant communities from Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Poland. Racial and ethnic tabulations included categories applied to populations such as African Americans in the Southern United States—notably in states like Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia—and indigenous peoples in territories including Oklahoma Territory and Alaska. Occupational statistics showed large workforces in manufacturing centers like Pittsburgh and mining districts in West Virginia and Colorado, while agricultural counts signaled continued rural presence in states such as Iowa and Nebraska. Urban housing data from boroughs in Manhattan and wards in Chicago informed contemporary studies by reformers associated with Hull House and public intellectuals like W. E. B. Du Bois.
Apportionment outcomes determined distribution of seats in the United States House of Representatives for the subsequent decade, affecting delegation sizes from populous states including New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Ohio as lawmakers in state capitols such as Albany (New York), Harrisburg, Springfield (Illinois), and Columbus (Ohio) monitored shifts. Territorial counts from areas like Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Philippine Islands, and Alaska informed federal oversight by agencies including the Department of the Interior and legal debates in the Supreme Court of the United States over representation and rights. Census-derived apportionment influenced political actors such as members of the Republican Party (United States) and Democratic Party (United States), and debates in the Sixty-second United States Congress concerning redistricting and reapportionment law.
The census operation was overseen by the Director of the Census Bureau (United States Department of Commerce), with senior staff drawn from federal agencies including the Department of Commerce and Labor and advisors from academic centers such as Johns Hopkins University and the University of Chicago. Prominent statisticians and officials contributed methodologies refined in collaboration with experts from organizations like the American Sociological Association and the Carnegie Institution. Field supervision involved local political figures from city governments in centers such as San Francisco and New Orleans, and coordination with postal officials from the United States Post Office Department to facilitate enumerator travel and mail communication.
Results shaped policy debates on immigration law impacting legislation like measures later considered by the Immigration Act of 1924 and informed labor regulation discussions involving trade union organizations such as the American Federation of Labor and civic reformers like Jacob Riis. The census data underpinned scholarship at universities including Princeton University and Stanford University and influenced municipal planning in cities such as Chicago and New York City. Historians and demographers from institutions like the Social Science Research Council and the National Bureau of Economic Research have used 1910 figures to analyze trends in urbanization, migration, and socioeconomic change across the United States during the early twentieth century.