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Philosophy & Rhetoric Philosophy & Rhetoric examines persuasive communication through lenses of Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Cicero, Quintilian and modern theorists such as Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, John Stuart Mill, Friedrich Nietzsche while engaging institutions like Harvard University, University of Oxford, Yale University, Columbia University and journals such as The New York Times, The Atlantic, The Guardian to situate rhetorical practice in public life.
The field synthesizes concepts from Plato's dialogues and Aristotle's Rhetoric with methods developed by Cicero, Quintilian, Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas and Michel de Montaigne, treating persuasion alongside norms articulated by Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, Jürgen Habermas and Hannah Arendt while referencing institutional contexts like United Nations, European Union, NATO, Supreme Court of the United States.
Roots trace to Ancient Greece, including settings such as the Agora of Athens and events like the Peloponnesian War where figures like Pericles, Demosthenes, Isocrates acted rhetorically; the Roman strand appears in forums like the Roman Forum with practitioners such as Cicero and Quintilian and later transformations occur during the Renaissance with actors like Niccolò Machiavelli, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Giovanni Boccaccio and institutions such as the University of Bologna, University of Paris; modern shifts involve Enlightenment figures Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant and nineteenth-century interlocutors G.W.F. Hegel, Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill amid events like the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, American Revolution.
Foundational theories draw on Aristotle's ethos, pathos, logos, Plato's dialectic, Stoicism via Marcus Aurelius, Epicurus, and later epistemologies from René Descartes, David Hume, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and August Comte; normative frames incorporate John Rawls, Robert Nozick, Hannah Arendt and Jürgen Habermas while critical perspectives reference Karl Marx, Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida and Judith Butler.
Methods include classical canons articulated by Cicero and Quintilian, literary techniques evident in works by William Shakespeare, John Milton, Miguel de Cervantes, Dante Alighieri; analytic tools employ frameworks from Ludwig Wittgenstein, Bertrand Russell, Saul Kripke and contemporary methods from Chaim Perelman, Stephen Toulmin, Kenneth Burke, I.A. Richards and Gertrude Himmelfarb alongside practices in public fora like United States Congress, British Parliament, European Court of Human Rights.
The field intersects with Literary criticism via figures like Northrop Frye, Cleanth Brooks, Roland Barthes; with Law through precedents from Marbury v. Madison, Brown v. Board of Education, Roe v. Wade and legal theorists such as Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Antonin Scalia, Ruth Bader Ginsburg; it engages Political theory with contributions from Niccolò Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Alexis de Tocqueville, Isaiah Berlin and communicates with Media studies exemplified by Marshall McLuhan, Noam Chomsky, Edward Said and institutions like BBC, CNN, The Washington Post.
Major figures include Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, Quintilian, Isocrates, Augustine of Hippo, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Michel Foucault, Jürgen Habermas, Kenneth Burke, Chaim Perelman, Stephen Toulmin, I.A. Richards, Kenneth Arrow; schools encompass Stoicism, Scholasticism, Renaissance humanism, Enlightenment, Pragmatism associated with William James, John Dewey, Analytic philosophy with Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Continental philosophy represented by Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Derrida.
Current debates address persuasion ethics involving Hannah Arendt's critique of totalitarianism, Jürgen Habermas's discourse ethics, regulatory issues tied to Federal Communications Commission, European Commission policies, misinformation examined via cases like Cambridge Analytica scandal and public inquiries into Watergate scandal, Iran-Contra affair; applications span political campaigning in contexts such as United States presidential election, 2020, Brexit referendum, policy advocacy by Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, corporate communication strategies used by Apple Inc., Google LLC, Facebook, Inc. and rhetorical pedagogy in programs at Harvard University, Stanford University, University of Chicago.