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| Partai Golkar | |
|---|---|
| Name | Partai Golkar |
| Native name | Golongan Karya |
| Founded | 20 October 1964 |
| Headquarters | Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Ideology | Pancasila, conservatism, developmentalism |
| Position | Centre-right |
| Colors | Yellow |
| Seats title | People's Representative Council |
Partai Golkar is one of Indonesia's largest and longest-standing political organizations, originating from a 1960s fusion of bureaucratic, military, and corporate groupings. It dominated Indonesian politics during the New Order era under Suharto and remained a significant parliamentary force in the Reformasi period alongside parties such as Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan and Partai Golongan Karya opponents. The party's network spans regional government bodies, state-owned enterprises like Pertamina, and mass organizations connected to figures from ABRI and the Golongan Karya bureaucratic apparatus.
Golkar traces institutional roots to the 1964 establishment of the Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya and the earlier programmatic initiatives of technocrats in the Cabinet of Sukarno and the Transitional Order. Following the 1965–66 upheavals and the rise of Suharto during the Supersemar period, Golkar consolidated power by co-opting elements of ABRI, civil servants from the Ministry of Home Affairs, and corporatist groups such as SOKSI and KOSGORO. During the New Order, Golkar functioned as the primary vehicle for state mobilization, winning elections in 1971, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997 amid controlled political competition including parties like Partai Persatuan Pembangunan and Partai Katolik. After the 1998 resignation of Suharto and the onset of Reformasi, Golkar restructured amid internal contests involving figures tied to Try Sutrisno, B.J. Habibie, and later leaders who sought alliances with politicians from Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa and Partai Amanat Nasional.
Golkar's declared orientation emphasizes Pancasila and developmentalist policies drawing on technocratic traditions from the New Order cabinets and the Developmentalist school of policymakers associated with ministries such as the Ministry of Finance and the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs. Its platform often stresses stability, infrastructure projects like those initiated under B.J. Habibie and Megawati Sukarnoputri-era initiatives, support for state enterprises like Perusahaan Listrik Negara and PT Kereta Api Indonesia, and conservative stances on social issues influenced by alliances with organizations such as SOKSI and Pemuda Pancasila. Golkar's policy pronouncements reference regulatory frameworks including the Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 and governmental institutions like the People's Consultative Assembly.
Golkar's internal structure has historically linked a national executive with provincial and district branches coordinated through forums of mayors, governors, and regents such as members of Asosiasi Pemerintah Kabupaten Seluruh Indonesia and Asosiasi Pemerintah Provinsi Seluruh Indonesia. Leadership contests have featured prominent figures including Akbar Tanjung, Aburizal Bakrie, Airlangga Hartarto, and earlier patrons from the ABRI leadership like Try Sutrisno. Organizational nodes include affiliated mass organizations such as KOSGORO, labor wings interacting with unions like Konfederasi Serikat Pekerja Indonesia, and youth movements connected to Pemuda Pancasila. Golkar's cadre recruitment traditionally drew on civil servants from the Kementerian Dalam Negeri and executives from conglomerates like the Bakrie Group and sectors tied to Pertamina and Indosat.
Golkar dominated the tightly managed elections of the New Order era, securing majorities against competitors like Partai Persatuan Pembangunan and Partai Demokrasi Indonesia. Post-1998, Golkar remained competitive in parliamentary contests against Partai Demokrat and Partai NasDem, securing significant representation in the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat and coalition roles in cabinets led by presidents such as Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo. Electoral cycles since 1999 have shown fluctuation, with notable performances influenced by leadership of figures like Aburizal Bakrie and Airlangga Hartarto, and by electoral laws including the Undang-Undang Pemilu reforms and thresholds set by the KPU.
During the New Order, Golkar operated as a government-backed organizational bloc integrating institutions such as ABRI, the Ministry of Home Affairs, and state enterprises including Pertamina and Telkom Indonesia. It provided political legitimation for Suharto's administration through managed electoral victories and corporatist structures including SOKSI and KORPRI. Golkar's dominance intersected with policy projects like the Repelita five-year development plans overseen by agencies such as the Bappenas and finance ministries, shaping infrastructure programs, rural development initiatives linked to Bank Rakyat Indonesia, and technocratic governance models championed by ministers from cabinets across the New Order.
Golkar has been implicated in numerous controversies and corruption allegations involving figures from conglomerates and state enterprises, including high-profile cases linked to the KPK, business families such as the Bakrie family, and transactions involving Pertamina and infrastructure contracts. Scandals have included accusations related to electoral financing, procurement irregularities tied to ministries like the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (Indonesia), and graft prosecutions affecting leaders who faced trials in courts such as the Corruption Court (Indonesia). Publicized tensions with civil society groups like Transparency International's local partners and watchdogs have underscored debates over accountability, asset declaration norms under the KPK, and legislative reforms concerning anti-corruption statutes.
Golkar engages internationally with political actors and institutions including conservative and center-right parties across ASEAN such as United Malays National Organisation, connections with political foundations tied to parties like Partai Demokrat's partners, and participation in forums involving the ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Assembly and the Inter-Parliamentary Union. Its foreign policy positions have been articulated in coalition dialogues with administrations led by presidents like Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo, interactions with multilateral institutions such as the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank, and parliamentary diplomacy involving delegations to legislatures in countries like Malaysia, Australia, and Japan.