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| National Anthem of Russia | |
|---|---|
| Title | National Anthem of Russia |
| Caption | Flag of the Russian Federation |
| Composer | Alexander Alexandrov |
| Author | Sergey Mikhalkov |
| Adopted | 2000 |
| Predecessor | "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya" |
National Anthem of Russia is the official state anthem of the Russian Federation, composed by Alexander Alexandrov with lyrics by Sergey Mikhalkov. It succeeded earlier anthems associated with Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and post-Soviet reforms under Boris Yeltsin and was adopted during the presidency of Vladimir Putin. The anthem functions in state ceremonies, international events, and public commemorations involving institutions such as the State Duma, Federation Council, and the Kremlin Presidential Administration.
The anthem's roots trace to compositions for the Red Army and the Soviet Union in the 1930s, when Alexander Alexandrov led the Alexandrov Ensemble and collaborated with cultural bodies like the All-Union Art and Technical Council and the People's Commissariat for Education. During World War II the song became emblematic in association with leaders such as Joseph Stalin and events like the Battle of Stalingrad and the Great Patriotic War. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation initially used a different piece by Mikhail Glinka selected under Boris Yeltsin and the Russian State Duma; public debate involved figures like Boris Yeltsin and composers from the Moscow Conservatory. In 2000, the decision to restore Alexandrov’s melody with new lyrics by Sergey Mikhalkov was enacted during Vladimir Putin’s first term, involving legislative action by the State Duma and endorsement by the Federation Council.
Lyrics by Sergey Mikhalkov reflect themes tied to Russian Federation institutions, historical continuity with the Soviet Union, and references to the Russian land and national symbols recognized by bodies such as the Presidential Administration and the Ministry of Culture. The text underwent revisions to remove direct references to Soviet leaders like Joseph Stalin and to emphasize the post-1991 constitutional framework established by the Constitution of Russia. Official versions are published by state presses and performed in contexts involving the Federal Assembly and diplomatic protocols with entities like the United Nations and visiting delegations from countries such as France, China, and United States.
The anthem's melody, composed by Alexander Alexandrov, features motifs associated with large-scale choral and orchestral writing practiced at institutions like the Moscow Conservatory and ensembles including the Red Army Choir (Alexandrov Ensemble). The orchestration often follows traditions of composers such as Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Modest Mussorgsky, and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in its use of brass, strings, and percussion. Structural elements echo Soviet-era mass song techniques used in works commissioned by the All-Union Radio and performed for events like May Day parades and Victory Day commemorations. Arrangements have been created by conductors associated with the Bolshoi Theatre and military bands of the Russian Armed Forces.
Adoption of the anthem in 2000 was formalized by legislative procedures in the State Duma and ratified through instruments administered by the President of Russia and legal bodies interpreting the Constitution of Russia. Statutory guidance issued by the Ministry of Culture and the Government of Russia prescribes official text, authorized musical settings, and penalties for unauthorized alterations as administered by courts such as the Supreme Court of Russia. Protocol notes and decrees published by the Presidential Decree Office define authorized recordings stored in state archives and used for ceremonies at institutions including the Kremlin and state museums like the State Historical Museum.
Performance conventions align with ceremonial practices at venues such as the Grand Kremlin Palace, Red Square, and international sites like the United Nations General Assembly Hall. Protocols issued by the Ministry of Defense for military ceremonies specify band formations, choral forces like the Alexandrov Ensemble, and the presence of officials from bodies like the Federal Security Service and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At sporting competitions under organizations such as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA, the anthem is played during medal ceremonies in accordance with agreements between the Russian Olympic Committee and international federations. State etiquette for standing, saluting, and flag display is guided by regulations from the Presidential Administration and cultural institutions such as the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Reception has varied among political parties including United Russia, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and liberal movements linked to figures like Boris Nemtsov and organizations such as Yabloko. Controversies have addressed the anthem’s Soviet-era melody, debates in the State Duma and public protests near sites like Manezhnaya Square, and artistic responses from musicians associated with venues such as the Tchaikovsky Concert Hall. International reactions involved commentary by foreign ministries from United Kingdom, United States, and European Union institutions, especially during diplomatic tensions tied to events like the Russo-Ukrainian conflict and Annexation of Crimea.
The anthem features in civic rituals at commemorations like Victory Day and in broadcasts by state media outlets including Channel One Russia, Russia-1, and Radio Mayak. It appears in repertories of choirs tied to conservatories such as the Moscow Conservatory and civic ensembles including the Alexandrov Ensemble, and is incorporated into ceremonies at national institutions like the Hermitage Museum and the Bolshoi Theatre. Its melody is cited in scholarly work from universities such as Lomonosov Moscow State University and referenced in cultural debates reported by outlets like RIA Novosti and TASS.
Category:Russian anthems