Government of Russia
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| Government of Russia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Conventional long name | Russian Federation |
| Native name | Российская Федерация |
| Capital | Moscow |
| Largest city | Moscow |
| Official languages | Russian language |
| Government type | Federal semi-presidential republic (de jure) |
| Legislature | Federal Assembly (Russia): Federation Council and State Duma |
| Leader title1 | President |
| Leader name1 | Vladimir Putin |
| Leader title2 | Prime Minister |
| Leader name2 | Mikhail Mishustin |
| Sovereignty type | Formation |
| Established event1 | Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic creation |
| Established event2 | Dissolution of the Soviet Union |
| Established date2 | 26 December 1991 |
| Area km2 | 17098242 |
| Population estimate | 146 million (2020s) |
Government of Russia The Russian Federation is governed under the 1993 Constitution of Russia establishing a constitutional order centered on a strong President of Russia, a bicameral legislature and a hierarchical judiciary. The political system synthesizes institutions from the Soviet Union transition, the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, and post-2000 institutional reforms associated with figures such as Boris Yeltsin, Vladimir Putin, and Dmitry Medvedev. Key state organs include the Presidency of Russia, the Russian Government (cabinet), the Federal Assembly (Russia), and the Constitutional Court of Russia.
Constitutional Framework
The Constitution of Russia (1993) defines separation of powers among the President of Russia, the Federal Assembly (Russia), and the Judiciary of Russia. Constitutional evolution reflects precedents from the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR (1990), the collapse of the Soviet Union, and legal contests such as the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis. Constitutional review is exercised by the Constitutional Court of Russia, while federal law interacts with regional charters like those of Tatarstan and Chechnya. Amendments in 2020 altered presidential term limits and federal power distribution, shaping relations among actors including the Central Election Commission (Russia), Prosecutor General of Russia, and regional governors such as those in Moscow Oblast.
Executive Branch
The head of state, the President of Russia, appoints the Prime Minister of Russia and chairs the Security Council of Russia. The presidential administration evolved from the Presidential Executive Office (Russia) and works with agencies such as the Federal Security Service (FSB), the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia). The Government of Russia (cabinet) oversees ministries including the Ministry of Defense (Russia), Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia), Ministry of Finance (Russia), and Ministry of Economic Development (Russia), coordinating with state corporations like Gazprom, Rosneft, and the Russian Railways. Executive practice has been influenced by policy doctrines from the Strategic Development of Russia plans and crises such as the 2008 Russo-Georgian War and the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.
Legislative Branch
The Federal Assembly (Russia) is bicameral: the upper house Federation Council (Russia) and the lower house State Duma. The State Duma forms parliamentary committees, confirms some executive appointments, and passes federal laws; parties represented include United Russia, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, and A Just Russia. Legislative processes follow procedures codified by the Constitution of Russia and the Federal Constitutional Law on the Government of the Russian Federation. The Central Election Commission (Russia) administers elections, which have been focal in disputes involving entities such as Alexei Navalny and events like the 2011–2013 Russian protests. International observers and institutions including the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe have monitored legislative elections.
Judicial System
The judiciary comprises the Constitutional Court of Russia, the Supreme Court of Russia, and lower federal and regional courts. The Constitutional Court (Russia) adjudicates constitutionality of laws and disputes among federal organs, while the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation handles cassation and supervisory review. Specialized courts include the Arbitration Courts of Russia (commercial courts). Judicial independence debates reference precedents such as rulings involving the Yukos litigation, prosecutions under laws like the Anti-Extremism Law (Russia), and oversight by the Prosecutor General of Russia. International judicial interaction includes cases before the European Court of Human Rights and treaties like the European Convention on Human Rights.
Federal Structure and Subnational Governments
The federation consists of federal subjects of Russia—republics (e.g., Tatarstan), krais (e.g., Krasnodar Krai), oblasts (e.g., Moscow Oblast), cities of federal significance (Moscow, Saint Petersburg), an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs. Federal relations are governed by federal treaties, the Constitution of Russia, and federal laws; historical arrangements include the Treaty of Federation (1992) and negotiations with leaders like Mintimer Shaimiev of Tatarstan. Governors and regional legislatures implement federal programs, coordinate with federal agencies such as the Ministry of Regional Development (Russia) (now reorganized), and have contested autonomy in cases ranging from Chechen Republic conflicts to budgetary disputes with the Ministry of Finance (Russia).
Public Administration and Civil Service
Public administration operates through federal ministries and agencies staffed by the civil service of the Russian Federation. Key institutions include the Federal Tax Service (Russia), Federal Customs Service (Russia), Federal Anti-Corruption Service initiatives, and the Accounts Chamber of Russia for audit. Civil service reform draws on legislation such as the Federal Law on State Civil Service of the Russian Federation and programs inspired by international entities like the World Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development comparative studies. Administrative challenges cite corruption cases involving figures in enterprises like Roscosmos and regulatory measures enforced by the Investigative Committee of Russia.
Foreign Policy and Defense
Foreign policy is directed by the President of Russia and executed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia), engaging with organizations such as the United Nations, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and BRICS. Defense policy is governed by the Ministry of Defence (Russia) and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, with forces including the Russian Ground Forces, Russian Aerospace Forces, and Russian Navy. Major defense events include the Russo-Ukrainian War, the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, and strategic deployments involving Kaliningrad Oblast and Crimea. Arms industry entities like Rosoboronexport and research institutions such as the Keldysh Research Center underpin military procurement; international measures involve sanctions from the European Union, United States, and multilateral responses including NATO diplomatic interactions.