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| Maize chlorotic mottle virus | |
|---|---|
| Family | Tombusviridae |
| Genus | Machlomovirus |
| Species | Maize chlorotic mottle virus |
Maize chlorotic mottle virus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA plant virus that infects Zea mays and causes chlorotic mottling associated with significant yield losses. First described in the mid-20th century, it has been studied by institutes such as the United States Department of Agriculture, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, and universities including Cornell University and Iowa State University. Research on the virus intersects with programs at the Food and Agriculture Organization and collaborations involving the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and regional agricultural ministries like the Ministry of Agriculture (China).
Maize chlorotic mottle virus is classified in the family Tombusviridae and the genus Machlomovirus, alongside related taxa studied by taxonomists at the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and characterized in publications from the American Phytopathological Society, the Royal Society, and the National Academy of Sciences. Its taxonomic placement has been compared with genera such as Tombusvirus and Carmovirus in reviews by researchers affiliated with Ohio State University, University of California, Davis, and the John Innes Centre. Historical reports citing isolates were deposited in collections maintained by the Agricultural Research Service and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory.
The virion is non-enveloped and icosahedral with a capsid architecture analyzed using methods developed at Max Planck Institute and imaged at facilities like the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility; structural models have been interpreted in studies from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Its monopartite linear positive-sense RNA genome encodes replication, movement, and coat proteins, with sequence data contributed to databases managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information and annotated in resources curated by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Comparative genomics linking isolates from Mexico, United States, and South Africa have utilized techniques from laboratories at Stanford University and Harvard University.
Transmission occurs primarily via mechanical means, seed contamination, and insect vectors studied in entomology programs at University of Florida, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, and University of Wisconsin–Madison; vectors implicated in field studies include species monitored by extension services in Brazil, Argentina, and Kenya. Epidemiological investigations have been coordinated with agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for methodological expertise, with outbreak mapping conducted in collaboration with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and regional plant protection organizations like the North American Plant Protection Organization. Patterns of spread have been analyzed in the context of trade facilitated by ports such as Port of Los Angeles, Port of Santos, and Port of Rotterdam and climate assessments from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Infected plants develop interveinal chlorotic mottling, stunting, and reduced tassel development, symptoms documented in field trials reported by Iowa State University, Purdue University, and Texas A&M University. Disease progression from seedling infection to mature plant impacts phenology observed in breeding programs at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and agronomic studies conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture and the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Symptom expression can be influenced by co-infection with pathogens researched at the John Innes Centre and observed in coordinated surveys in Guatemala, Honduras, and Paraguay.
Diagnostic assays include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods standardized by laboratories at the Agricultural Research Service and molecular detection using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction protocols developed by teams at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and university diagnostic clinics such as University of Georgia. Next-generation sequencing approaches implemented at the Broad Institute and bioinformatics pipelines from the European Bioinformatics Institute enable strain differentiation, while field-deployable lateral flow devices tested through collaborations with United States Agency for International Development have been trialed in extension programs across Sub-Saharan Africa.
Management integrates host resistance breeding from programs at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and hybrid development by companies like Pioneer Hi-Bred International and Syngenta. Cultural practices promoted by extension services such as University of California Cooperative Extension include crop rotation and sanitation, while phytosanitary measures are enforced through agreements administered by the World Trade Organization and regional plant protection organizations like the African Union. Integrated pest management strategies combining resistant varieties, vector control studied at CABI, and seed certification overseen by national seed authorities form the basis of control recommendations.
Maize chlorotic mottle virus causes yield reductions affecting commodity markets monitored by the Chicago Board of Trade, United States Department of Agriculture, and the World Bank, with economic assessments conducted by analysts at International Food Policy Research Institute and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Its distribution includes reported occurrences in North America, Central America, parts of South America, and sporadic detections in Africa and Asia documented in surveys coordinated with the Food and Agriculture Organization and national agricultural research systems in countries such as Mexico, United States, Brazil, and Kenya.
Category:Plant viruses