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| Long Term Plan | |
|---|---|
| Name | Long Term Plan |
| Other names | Strategic Plan, Master Plan |
| Type | Policy document |
| Purpose | Guiding multi-decade decisions |
| First adopted | Various |
| Jurisdictions | International, national, municipal, organizational |
Long Term Plan A Long Term Plan is a sustained strategic document used to coordinate multi-year decisions across institutions, nations, corporations, and communities. It frames priorities for infrastructure, finance, demography, technology, and environment by aligning actors such as the United Nations, World Bank, European Union, United States Department of Defense, and multinational corporations like Apple Inc. and Toyota Motor Corporation.
Long term plans typically integrate inputs from actors including United Nations Development Programme, International Monetary Fund, African Union, ASEAN, G20, NATO, World Health Organization, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Ford Foundation to reconcile objectives across spatial scales from New York City to Tokyo and São Paulo. These documents often reference precedents such as the Marshall Plan, the Five-Year Plan model used by Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, and frameworks like the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals. Jurisdictions adopt instruments resembling the National Development Plan (Ireland), Singapore Strategic Plan, or municipal master plans in London and Singapore to coordinate public agencies including Ministry of Finance (United Kingdom), U.S. Department of Transportation, and Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (China).
Objectives in a Long Term Plan span targets such as GDP growth outlined by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development reports, carbon trajectories informed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessments, health benchmarks cited by World Health Organization, and infrastructure pipelines akin to projects by Trans-European Transport Network and Belt and Road Initiative. Scope can cover sectors overseen by ministries like Ministry of Health (Brazil), Ministry of Education (France), Ministry of Energy (India), or corporations such as Siemens and General Electric while interacting with institutions like European Investment Bank, Asian Development Bank, BlackRock, and Goldman Sachs.
The evolution of long range planning draws on episodes including reconstruction after World War II, economic centralization in the Soviet Union Five-Year Plans, postwar industrial policy in Japan under the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, development strategies in South Korea led by Park Chung-hee, and neoliberal reforms associated with Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. Twentieth-century practice adapted in response to crises such as the Oil Crisis of 1973, the Global Financial Crisis (2007–2008), and pandemics like Spanish flu and COVID-19 pandemic, prompting institutions such as World Health Organization and International Monetary Fund to revise resilience paradigms.
Methodologies combine scenario analysis used by Shell plc, cost–benefit models from World Bank toolkits, demographic projections from United Nations Population Fund, and systems modelling influenced by researchers at MIT and RAND Corporation. Stakeholder engagement often brings together actors including Trade Union Congress (UK), Confederation of British Industry, Chamber of Commerce (USA), indigenous groups like those represented in Assembly of First Nations, nongovernmental organizations such as Amnesty International and Greenpeace, and think tanks like Brookings Institution and Chatham House.
Governance arrangements mirror institutional architectures seen in European Commission cabinets, national ministries exemplified by Treasury (United Kingdom), devolved administrations like Scottish Government, and corporate boards such as those at Microsoft and Amazon (company). Implementation relies on budgeting processes connected to standards from International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board, procurement practices influenced by World Trade Organization agreements, and oversight by bodies such as Court of Auditors (EU), Government Accountability Office (United States), and anti-corruption agencies modeled on Transparency International guidance.
Monitoring frameworks use indicators drawn from Sustainable Development Goals, statistical systems like Eurostat and U.S. Census Bureau, and evaluation methods promoted by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Revisions occur in response to shocks studied in literature from Harvard Kennedy School, London School of Economics, and Stanford University, and legal adjustments may invoke instruments such as national statutes or international treaties like the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Notable examples include national plans such as Japan's postwar industrial strategy, South Korea's economic plans under Park Chung-hee, Norway's sovereign wealth management linked to Government Pension Fund Global, municipal blueprints for New York City and Singapore, and corporate roadmaps from Tesla, Inc. and IBM. International initiatives include European Green Deal, Belt and Road Initiative, and the African Continental Free Trade Area which illustrate varied scales and governance approaches.