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| Law on Education (Russian Federation) | |
|---|---|
| Title | Law on Education (Russian Federation) |
| Enacted | 2012 (federal law) |
| Territorial extent | Russian Federation |
| Status | in force |
Law on Education (Russian Federation) is the principal federal statute that codifies the legal framework for schooling, vocational training, higher learning, preschool services, and lifelong learning across the Russian Federation. It defines the legal status of federal and regional bodies, accredits institutions, sets standards for academic degrees, and regulates relations among students, teachers, employers, and ministries. The law interfaces with a range of statutes, administrative instruments, judicial decisions, and international agreements affecting Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Ministry of Education and Science (Russia), and regional ministries.
The law establishes the legal basis for state policy in education across all levels including preschool, primary, secondary, secondary vocational, higher professional, and additional professional education as implemented by institutions such as Lomonosov Moscow State University, Saint Petersburg State University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Russian Academy of Sciences, and regional colleges. It delineates the roles of federal authorities like the State Duma, Federation Council (Russia), President of Russia, and executive agencies including the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia), as well as municipal actors in cities such as Kazan, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, and Sochi. The statute also covers accreditation, licensing, certification, and recognition of qualifications bounded by federal policies promulgated in decrees of the President of Russia and resolutions of the Government of Russia.
The law reflects legal evolution from the Soviet Union era, including predecessor norms found in early Soviet decrees and the 1992 post-Soviet legislative framework debated in the State Duma (1993–1995). Major reforms in the 2000s coincided with policy initiatives under Vladimir Putin and legislative activity involving figures such as Dmitry Medvedev and ministers affiliated with United Russia. The 2012 federal law consolidated patchwork regulations after prior statutes and amendments, and subsequent amendments were debated following reports from bodies like the Accounts Chamber of Russia and rulings by the Constitutional Court of Russia. Legislative amendments have been influenced by events including the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics preparations, demographic policies impacting Moscow Oblast and regional educational planning, and coordination with international instruments such as agreements between Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union.
The statute is organized into sections addressing general provisions, rights and obligations, state supervision, licensing, accreditation, financing, and liability. It defines categories of institutions like state, municipal, private, and faith-based organizations exemplified by Russian Orthodox Church educational initiatives and scientific partnerships with Skolkovo Innovation Center. It codifies standards for professional degrees such as specialist, bachelor, master, and postgraduate degrees awarded by institutions like Higher School of Economics and Tomsk State University, and it sets frameworks for examinations including national assessment instruments analogous to the Unified State Exam and qualification attestation processes overseen by the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science.
Implementation relies on a regulatory ecosystem involving the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia), regional ministries like those in Tula Oblast and Sverdlovsk Oblast, supervisory agencies such as the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science, and municipal education departments in cities like Novgorod and Vladivostok. Enforcement mechanisms include licensing procedures, accreditation commissions, inspection visits, and administrative penalties derived from federal codes adjudicated in tribunals such as the Supreme Court of Russia and regional courts including the Moscow City Court. Implementation interacts with public programs like the National Project "Education" (Russia), pilot programs at institutions such as Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, and international cooperation with partners like UNESCO and World Bank financed projects.
The law enumerates rights and duties of participants including students, parents, educators, and employers. Rights include access to state-provided preschool and general schooling in localities such as Chelyabinsk and Perm, mechanisms for appeal to bodies like the Prosecutor General of Russia, and protections for academic staff affiliated with institutions such as Russian State University for the Humanities. Obligations cover professional qualifications for teachers, certification procedures, compliance with curricula approved by federal bodies, and responsibilities of legal guardians under civil statutes and municipal regulations in regions including Krasnodar Krai and Republic of Tatarstan.
Funding provisions address budgetary allocations from federal and regional treasuries, tuition models for paid education at universities including Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), contract forms for postgraduate study, and public-private partnerships exemplified by collaborations with Gazprom and Rosneft training centers. Governance arrangements set corporate forms for institutions, roles of boards, rectors, and trusteeship councils, and oversight by regional ministries in oblasts like Irkutsk Oblast and Khabarovsk Krai. Financial control interacts with auditing by the Accounts Chamber of Russia and procurement rules governed by federal law on public contracts.
The law has prompted debate over centralization versus regional autonomy voiced in the State Duma and by rectors from Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, concerns raised by NGOs and academic unions including Science and Education Workers' Union, disputes adjudicated in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and critiques tied to academic freedom at institutions like European University at Saint Petersburg. Controversies include accreditation practices, language-of-instruction policies affecting regions such as Republic of Bashkortostan and Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), financing disparities between urban centers like Moscow and rural districts, and litigation concerning rights of students and staff brought before administrative and civil courts including the Moscow Arbitration Court.
Category:Law of the Russian Federation