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| Islamic Movement in Sudan | |
|---|---|
| Name | Islamic Movement in Sudan |
| Founded | 20th century |
| Founder | Hassan al-Turabi (prominent leader associated) |
| Headquarters | Khartoum |
| Ideology | Islamism, Sunni Islam, Islamic law |
| Country | Sudan |
Islamic Movement in Sudan is a broad Islamist current that emerged in Sudan during the 20th century and became a major force in Sudanese politics, law, and society. It influenced state institutions in Khartoum and interacted with regional actors such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Libya, and transnational networks including Muslim Brotherhood, Hizb ut-Tahrir, and Al-Qaeda-linked elements. The movement's prominence intersected with events like the October 1964 Revolution (Sudan), the 1989 Sudanese coup d'état, and the tenure of Omar al-Bashir.
The origins trace to religious and political currents associated with figures such as Hassan al-Turabi, activists returning from study in Cairo and Khartoum University, and links to organizations like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Islamic Charter Front. Early influences included reformist scholars connected to Mahdist State legacies, networks in Omdurman, and student movements at University of Khartoum. The movement gained momentum amid struggles involving Umma Party, National Islamic Front, and oppositional episodes such as clashes with Sadiq al-Mahdi and alignments during the Second Sudanese Civil War alongside actors like the Sudan People's Liberation Movement. The 1989 coup led by Omar al-Bashir and supported by the National Islamic Front brought figures linked to the movement into state power, affecting relationships with United States, United Kingdom, Iran, and Turkey.
Doctrine drew from Sunni Islam jurisprudence, modernist and revivalist strains associated with the Muslim Brotherhood, concepts of Sharia implementation, and influences from scholars such as Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz (contextual), transnational jurists in Cairo and Riyadh, and historical references to the Mahdist legacy. The movement debated constitutional placement of Islamic law, engagement with secularists like Ismail al-Azhari, and responses to international norms embodied by institutions such as the United Nations and the African Union. Interpretations affected legal instruments like the Penal Code (Sudan) amendments and aligned or conflicted with regional legal models from Saudi Arabia and Egypt.
Leadership centered on political figures including Hassan al-Turabi, networks within the National Islamic Front, and party structures like the National Congress Party after reorganization. Organizational features included madrasa-linked cadres, student unions at University of Khartoum, professional associations, and ties to diaspora communities in London, Cairo, and Jeddah. Rivalries occurred with military elites such as Omar al-Bashir and commanders from the Sudanese Armed Forces, and alliances formed with Islamist parties like Ennahda (in comparisons), movements such as Tablighi Jamaat (social overlap), and transnational actors like Al-Qaeda affiliates during the 1990s. Internal splits produced factions comparable to schisms seen in Muslim Brotherhood histories and in regional movements such as Hizb ut-Tahrir.
Political activity included governance roles during Omar al-Bashir's rule, legal reforms implementing elements of Sharia, electoral participation against parties like the Umma Party and the Democratic Unionist Party, and foreign policy initiatives engaging Iran and Turkey. The movement influenced institutions such as the Sudanese Bar Association, the National Assembly (Sudan), and municipal administrations in cities like Khartoum and Port Sudan. It played roles in conflicts and negotiations involving the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2005), interactions with South Sudan's leadership like Salva Kiir Mayardit, and responses to uprisings such as the 2018–2019 Sudanese protests that led to the fall of Omar al-Bashir.
The movement developed social services through charities, waqf-linked projects, hospital and clinic networks, and educational institutions including madrasa systems, Islamic universities, and vocational training centers. Institutions intersected with organizations such as Islamic Relief, philanthropic networks in Jeddah and Kuwait City, and educational curricula debates involving Al-Azhar University influences. Programs addressed rural development in regions like Darfur and Kassala and established media outlets, publications, and cultural institutions engaging with figures from literary circles in Khartoum and professional bodies like the Sudanese Medical Association.
Relations ranged from cooperation with the Muslim Brotherhood and tactical engagement with Islamic Salvation Front-style movements to rivalry with secular-nationalist groups like the Umma Party and the Sudanese Communist Party. Internationally, the movement balanced ties with Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya under Muammar Gaddafi, and Iran, while being subject to sanctions and scrutiny from entities like the United States Department of State and the United Nations Security Council. State relations shifted across periods of alliance with Omar al-Bashir and confrontation during transitional governments involving actors such as Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and civil society coalitions including the Forces of Freedom and Change.
Controversies included allegations of links to extremist networks such as Al-Qaeda, implementation of corporal punishments tied to Hudud provisions, crackdowns on religious minorities including the Christian community in Sudan, and suppression of dissenting groups like the Sudan Revolutionary Front and journalists from outlets comparable to Radio Dabanga and Al Jazeera. Human rights concerns were raised by organizations like Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and UN mechanisms investigating abuses during conflicts in Darfur and actions by security agencies linked to the movement's period of influence. Transitional justice debates involved institutions like the International Criminal Court and domestic prosecutions addressing alleged crimes under past administrations.
Category:Religion in Sudan Category:Islamism Category:Political movements in Sudan