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| Integralismo | |
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| Name | Integralismo |
Integralismo Integralismo is a political and social current associated with integralist movements across multiple countries, combining traditionalist, corporatist, and authoritarian elements rooted in early 20th-century European conservatism. It influenced parties, intellectual circles, and state projects tied to figures, institutions, and events from the interwar period through contemporary debates in Latin America and Europe. Integralismo intersected with Catholic social thought, monarchical restorationist currents, and anti-liberal networks involving journalists, academics, and political leaders.
Integralismo denotes a set of doctrines promoted by activists, clerics, and politicians such as Plínio Salgado, Henri de Maistre (note: example of conservative thinkers), Charles Maurras, Edgar Jung, and Gilberto Freyre who sought organicist alternatives to liberalism and socialism. Key organizations include Ação Integralista Brasileira, Action Française, Parti Populaire Français, National Syndicalists (Portugal), and Azione Nazionale-style groups that advocated corporatist arrangements linking industrial, agrarian, and professional bodies like Confederação Nacional do Trabalho-type federations. Integralismo drew on texts and institutions such as Rerum Novarum, Quadragesimo Anno, Encyclical Letters of Pius XI, and debates in journals like La Dépêche and Regeneração.
Origins trace to late 19th-century and early 20th-century reactions to revolutions and treaties, with antecedents in movements tied to French Restoration, Belgian Catholic Party, and conservative responses to the Paris Commune. The interwar acceleration involved activists influenced by the Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression, and intellectual exchanges in cities like Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro, Paris, Rome, and Madrid. Prominent episodes include the 1932 formation of Ação Integralista Brasileira, the 1934 riots tied to Action Française sympathizers, and negotiations with governments such as Estado Novo (Portugal) and Estado Novo (Brazil), alongside interactions with regimes like Fascist Italy, Salazar's Portugal, and Franquisme. Postwar continuities appeared in networks connecting Opus Dei affiliates, monarchist claimants like Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, and conservative think tanks inspired by theorists associated with Edmund Burke-style traditions.
Integralismo emphasized organic social orders, hierarchical authority, and corporatist representation advocated by thinkers such as Gilbert Keith Chesterton-aligned distributists, Maurice Barrès-style nationalists, and clerical conservatives influenced by Pope Pius XI and Pope Leo XIII. The doctrine promoted alliances among elites in institutions like Catholic Action, professional guilds, landed interests represented by groups akin to Confederação Nacional da Agricultura, and urban notables associated with newspapers such as O Estado de S. Paulo and Le Figaro. Integralists proposed legal frameworks referencing constitutions modeled after Grundgesetz-era debates, often invoking historical charters like the Magna Carta as rhetorical precedents while opposing parties linked to Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Rosa Luxemburg.
Distinct national currents included Brazilian Integralismo led by Plínio Salgado and organizations like Ação Integralista Brasileira, Portuguese Integralism associated with figures near António Sardinha and groups tied to monarchist claimants, French Integralism in networks around Charles Maurras and Action Française, and Italian movements interacting with Giovanni Gentile and factions close to Benito Mussolini. Other currents appeared in Spanish contexts around supporters of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and in Latin American circuits connecting to politicians such as Getúlio Vargas, Juan Perón, and intellectuals like José Ortega y Gasset. Transnational links involved journals circulated in capitals such as Buenos Aires, Lisbon, Paris, and Rome.
Integralism influenced policy and governance through participation in cabinets, paramilitary mobilizations, and institutional reforms, intersecting with administrations like Estado Novo (Brazil), Estado Novo (Portugal), and conservative ministries in Spain during the Spanish Civil War aftermath. Integralist cadres engaged with police and security apparatuses modeled on units from OVRA-style organizations and paramilitary groups inspired by Blackshirt formations. In legislative arenas, integralist deputies and senators allied with monarchists, conservative republicans, and corporatist technocrats linked to ministries of labor and industry, while legal reforms echoed reports prepared by scholars associated with Academia Brasileira de Letras and European academies.
Critics from figures and groups such as Antonio Gramsci, Hannah Arendt, John Maynard Keynes, Karl Popper, and organizations like Comintern accused Integralismo of authoritarianism, anti-democratic practices, and repression reminiscent of Sturmabteilung and Milice tactics. Controversies include violence at rallies, censorship campaigns against newspapers like O Estado de S. Paulo and L'Humanité, and alleged collaboration with regimes implicated in human-rights abuses examined by commissions influenced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and tribunals set up after the Nuremberg Trials. Academic critiques cross-referenced works by Raymond Aron, Norberto Bobbio, and Emilio Gentile.
Integralismo shaped literature, architecture, and educational curricula through patronage of artists and institutions linked to museums like Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, universities such as Universidade de Coimbra and Universidade de São Paulo, and publishers associated with Editora Record-type houses. Cultural figures interacting with integralist networks included writers like Mário de Andrade, Oliveira Martins, and critics who debated traditionalist aesthetics alongside composers and filmmakers connected to festivals in Venice, Cannes, and Rio de Janeiro. Social organizations including charitable confraternities similar to Catholic Action and professional guilds influenced social policy and welfare projects in municipalities governed by mayors affiliated with conservative blocs.
Category:Political movements