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| Plínio Salgado | |
|---|---|
| Name | Plínio Salgado |
| Birth date | 2 January 1895 |
| Birth place | São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Death date | 8 December 1975 |
| Death place | São Paulo, Brazil |
| Occupation | Politician, journalist, writer |
| Known for | Founder of the Ação Integralista Brasileira |
Plínio Salgado Plínio Salgado was a Brazilian politician, writer, and journalist who founded the Ação Integralista Brasileira and became a leading figure of Brazilian integralism during the 1930s. He played a central role in Brazilian conservative and nationalist movements, interacting with figures and institutions across the Vargas era, the Estado Novo, and post-World War II political realignments. His career connected him to intellectuals, political leaders, media outlets, and exile networks that influenced Brazilian politics through the mid-20th century.
Born in São Bento do Sapucaí in São Paulo state, Salgado studied at local schools before attending the Faculdade de Direito do Rio de Janeiro where he came into contact with legal scholars and journalists associated with the First Brazilian Republic milieu. During his formative years he wrote for periodicals and engaged with literary circles linked to the Semana de Arte Moderna generation, corresponding with poets and critics connected to the Brazilian Modernism movement such as Mário de Andrade, Oswald de Andrade, Tarsila do Amaral, and Anita Malfatti. His early associations also included linkages with Catholic intellectuals influenced by the Catholic Church and conservative journals like Amanhã and O Estado de S. Paulo.
Salgado began his public career as a journalist and parliamentary candidate aligned with conservative factions of the Paulista Republican Party and interacted with regional leaders from Café com Leite politics and national actors in Brasília precursors. He served as a deputy and ran for higher office, positioning himself against liberal reformists and in dialogue with contemporaries such as Washington Luís, Getúlio Vargas, Arthur Bernardes, and Júlio Prestes. His activities brought him into contact with intellectual networks associated with Academia Brasileira de Letras, press organizations like O Estado de S. Paulo, and political movements across Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, and Bahia. During the early 1930s he mobilized support through rallies, publications, and paramilitary-style organizations similar in structure to groups in Italy and Germany, which drew the attention of the Vargas administration and security services.
As founder of the Ação Integralista Brasileira Salgado articulated an ideology that combined nationalism, anti-communism, traditional Catholic themes, and corporative proposals, positioning integralism as an alternative to both liberalism and Marxism. Integralism adopted symbols, uniforms, and rituals that echoed aspects of Italian Fascism and German National Socialism, while claiming a distinct Brazilian path that referenced figures such as Augusto Comte indirectly through positivist legacies in Brazilian republicanism and drawing rhetorical parallels with leaders like Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler—even as integralist leaders debated those comparisons with contemporaries such as Plutarco Elías Calles and Miguel Primo de Rivera. The movement published manifestos, newspapers, and pamphlets and operated cultural foundations in cities including São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Porto Alegre. Integralism engaged in confrontations with leftist organizations like the Communist Party of Brazil and labor unions influenced by Getúlio Vargas's policy shifts, culminating in clashes that involved state repression under the Estado Novo regime.
Following the repression of the integralists and political upheavals associated with the 1937 Brazilian coup d'état and establishment of the Estado Novo, Salgado faced arrest and later exile, during which he maintained contacts with émigré communities in Europe and Argentina. In exile he corresponded with conservative intellectuals and politicians from networks spanning Lisbon, Madrid, Buenos Aires, and Rome, engaging with Catholic, monarchist, and nationalist currents tied to personalities such as António de Oliveira Salazar, Francisco Franco, and émigré leaders of right-wing movements. Returning to Brazil after World War II, he attempted to translate integralist ideas into parliamentary politics, founding or influencing parties that interacted with the National Democratic Union (UDN), the Social Democratic Party (PSD), and later aligning tactically in contests involving figures like Juscelino Kubitschek, Jânio Quadros, and João Goulart. His postwar activities included publishing, speaking tours, and attempts to rehabilitate integralist networks amid Cold War realignments and anti-communist campaigns.
Salgado's private life intersected with cultural and religious elites in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro; he maintained friendships with writers, clerics, and journalists tied to institutions such as the Universidade de São Paulo and the Archdiocese of São Paulo. His literary output included essays and novels that placed him among intellectuals discussed alongside Euclides da Cunha, Gilberto Freyre, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, and Gilka Machado. The legacy of his movement influenced later right-wing currents, conservative thinkers, and political groups during the Cold War in Latin America, drawing scholarly attention from historians of Brazil, political scientists studying authoritarianism, and archivists at institutions like the Museu Paulista and national libraries. Debates about his role continue in studies comparing integralism to European fascisms, and his life remains a subject in biographies, documentary projects, and university research across São Paulo University, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and international centers for Brazilian studies.
Category:Brazilian politicians Category:1895 births Category:1975 deaths