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| Indonesian military | |
|---|---|
| Name | Tentara Nasional Indonesia |
| Native name | Tentara Nasional Indonesia |
| Founded | 1945 |
| Headquarters | Jakarta |
| Commander in chief | President of Indonesia |
| Minister | Minister of Defense (Indonesia) |
| Commander | Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces |
| Active | ~400,000 |
| Reserves | ~500,000 |
| Paramilitary | Indonesian National Police |
| Motto | "Perang adalah jalan terakhir" |
Indonesian military
The Indonesian military traces origins to the Indonesian National Revolution and the creation of the People's Security Agency in 1945; it evolved through the Darul Islam rebellion, the PRRI/Permesta rebellion, and the anti-communist purge after the 30 September Movement to become a central actor in Indonesian politics. It comprises land, naval, and air branches shaped by leaders such as Sukarno, Suharto, Megawati Sukarnoputri, and Joko Widodo, and interacts with institutions like the Ministry of Defense (Indonesia), the National Police of Indonesia, and regional bodies such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
The origins lie in the post-World War II period with the Indonesian National Revolution against the Netherlands and the establishment of the People's Security Agency; subsequent integration of militias after the Linggadjati Agreement and the Renville Agreement shaped early force structures. During the Guided Democracy era under Sukarno, the military intervened in conflicts including the West New Guinea dispute and the Konfrontasi with Malaysia, while the 30 September Movement precipitated the rise of Suharto and the New Order (Indonesia), during which the military institutionalized the dwifungsi doctrine and engaged in operations in East Timor and Aceh. The post-Reformasi period saw reforms reducing formal political roles after the Reformasi uprisings, withdrawal from partisan positions, and professionalization following incidents like the Mapenduma hostage crisis and international scrutiny over human rights allegations in Timor-Leste and Aceh.
Command is vested in the President of Indonesia as Commander-in-Chief, advised by the Ministry of Defense (Indonesia) and led operationally by the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The three principal branches are the Indonesian Army, Indonesian Navy, and Indonesian Air Force, each with service chiefs reporting to the Armed Forces Headquarters (Indonesia). Specialized units include the Kopassus, Kopaska, Paskhas (Indonesia), and the Marine Corps (Indonesia), while support is provided by institutions such as the Defense Intelligence Agency (Indonesia) and the Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad). Regional command is exercised through Kodam (military region commands) and subordinate Korem and Kodim structures interacting with local administrations like provincial governments and municipal authorities.
Personnel strength combines regular forces, reserves, and paramilitary elements, with officers commissioned via institutions like the Indonesian Military Academy (Akademi Militer) and the Naval Academy (AAL) and the Air Force Academy (AAU). Indonesia maintains a volunteer-based system; conscription is not in force following policy reviews post-Reformasi, though reserve schemes and mandatory service proposals have been debated in the People's Representative Council (DPR). Career progression often involves professional military education at establishments such as Sesko TNI and international exchanges with forces from the United States, Russia, China, Australia, and Japan.
Modernization efforts have procured platforms from multiple sources: acquisition of KRI (ship prefix) frigates and corvettes, procurement of KFX/IFX-related indigenous projects, delivery of Sukhoi Su-27 and Sukhoi Su-30 fighters, and imports including KAI T-50 trainers through partnerships with 한국항공우주산업 (KAI). Indigenous programs include the Pindad small arms family, PT PAL shipbuilding projects, and naval shipbuilding like the KRI Klewang-class and Gusti Ngurah Rai-class initiatives. Procurement policy balances purchases from United States Department of Defense suppliers, United Kingdom contractors, Russia, and China, while engaging in local production under transfer agreements with firms such as NPO Saturn and Thales Group.
Operational history covers counterinsurgency campaigns against the Darul Islam rebellion, Aceh insurgency (GAM), and Free Papua Movement, peacekeeping deployments under United Nations mandates to Timor-Leste, Lebanon, Darfur, and Lebanon Crisis (2006), and maritime security missions in the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea alongside regional partners like Malaysia, Singapore, and Australia. Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations followed events such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami, often coordinated with agencies like the National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB).
Doctrine evolved from dwifungsi to an emphasis on professional defense and territorial integrity articulated in white papers and strategic reviews by the Ministry of Defense (Indonesia). The strategy stresses Total People’s Defense, maritime security for the Indonesian archipelago, and protection of the Exclusive Economic Zone (Indonesia), with policy influenced by regional frameworks such as the ASEAN Political-Security Community and global trends including network-centric warfare and asymmetric threats. Legal basis includes laws like the Law on the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Undang-Undang TNI) and coordination with bodies such as the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs.
Indonesia conducts bilateral and multilateral exercises including Exercise Garuda Shield with the United States Pacific Command, Exercise Komodo (International Maritime Exercise) hosted with navies such as Royal Australian Navy and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, trilateral interactions with India and Russia, and engagement in ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting-Plus forums. Defense diplomacy includes arms cooperation with South Korea, Turkey, France, and China; participation in UN peacekeeping under UNIFIL and MINUSCA; and cooperation on counter-piracy with International Maritime Organization partners and regional navies.
Category:Military of Indonesia