Exclusive Economic Zone (Indonesia)
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| Exclusive Economic Zone (Indonesia) | |
|---|---|
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| Name | Indonesia Exclusive Economic Zone |
| Type | Exclusive economic zone |
| Area km2 | 3200000 |
| Location | Southeast Asia |
| Established | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea |
| Coordinates | 2°S 118°E |
Exclusive Economic Zone (Indonesia)
Indonesia's exclusive economic zone is one of the world's largest maritime zones, extending from the archipelagic baseline of Indonesia into adjacent seas and oceans and overlapping with the zones of neighboring states. The zone is governed by international agreements such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and regional arrangements involving states like Australia, India, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam. Its breadth supports major activities linked to fisheries exploitation, hydrocarbon exploration, and strategic sea lanes such as the Strait of Malacca, the Lombok Strait, and the Makassar Strait.
Geography and extent
The Indonesian maritime area spans from the waters around major islands like Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, New Guinea, and Bali into seas including the Celebes Sea, Arafura Sea, Timor Sea, Java Sea, and the Banda Sea. The archipelagic baselines follow standards from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and practice described in cases like ICJ judgment precedents and decisions by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Indonesia's coordinates and bathymetry link to regions such as the Sunda Shelf, the Arafura Shelf, and deep basins adjacent to the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. Proximity to maritime chokepoints such as the Strait of Malacca and the Lombok Strait amplifies its strategic maritime footprint near ports including Jakarta, Surabaya, Makassar, and Jayapura.
Legal framework and governance
Indonesian maritime governance relies on national statutes like the Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone and the national implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Administrative actors include the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Indonesia), the Indonesian Navy, the Indonesian Maritime Security Agency, and the National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure. Dispute settlement and jurisdictional questions invoke institutions such as the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and bilateral mechanisms established with states like Malaysia and Australia. Regulatory regimes cover licensing by agencies like the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia) for hydrocarbon concessions and frameworks that interact with international instruments such as the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Maritime boundaries and delimitation
Boundary delimitation has engaged bilateral treaties and negotiations with neighboring states: maritime agreements with Australia in the Timor Sea and northwestern approaches, negotiated lines with Malaysia in the South China Sea and Straits of Malacca, and maritime discussions with Philippines around the Celebes Sea. Historic claims reference instruments like the Indonesia–Malaysia continental shelf dispute and arbitration frameworks exemplified by proceedings before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Overlapping claims with states including China and Vietnam in parts of the South China Sea have prompted diplomatic exchanges referencing the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and regional fora such as the ASEAN Regional Forum and the East Asia Summit.
Natural resources and economic activities
The Indonesian EEZ underpins major fisheries around the Maluku Islands, Nusa Tenggara, and the Arafura Sea, targeting species linked to markets in Japan, China, European Union, and United States. Offshore hydrocarbon basins like the Mahakam and prospects in the Natuna Sea and Timor Sea attract multinational companies and are regulated through contracts with state entities such as Pertamina and international partners including ExxonMobil, Petronas, and Shell plc. Seabed minerals and emerging interests in deep-sea mining invoke actors like the International Seabed Authority and scientific programs affiliated with institutions such as the Indonesian Institute of Sciences and universities including University of Indonesia. Maritime transport and chokepoints serve trade routes connecting hubs like Singapore, Hong Kong, Rotterdam, and Los Angeles.
Environmental management and conservation
Conservation strategies involve protected areas and initiatives such as marine protected areas in the Coral Triangle region, which overlaps with conservation networks coordinated by World Wide Fund for Nature programs and the Coral Triangle Initiative. Biodiversity protection addresses species listed by the IUCN and regional conservation priorities for habitats containing coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds. Pollution control, marine debris campaigns, and climate adaptation measures reference UN mechanisms like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and regional cooperation through organizations such as ASEAN. Research collaborations engage entities like Conservation International, the Nature Conservancy, and national research centers monitoring coral bleaching, overfishing, and habitat loss.
Security, surveillance, and enforcement
Maritime security and law enforcement deploy assets from the Indonesian Navy, the Indonesian Maritime Security Agency, the Indonesian Coast Guard-equivalent capabilities, and interagency coordination with the National Police (Indonesia). Operations target illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, piracy in zones near the Strait of Malacca, and transnational threats including trafficking linked to routes toward Australia and Malaysia. Collaborative patrols and capacity-building occur under programs with partners such as United States Department of Defense, Australian Defence Force, Japanese Coast Guard, and multilateral exercises within APEC and ASEAN Regional Forum frameworks. Surveillance integrates satellite monitoring, vessel tracking systems compliant with International Maritime Organization standards, and regional information-sharing mechanisms like the Information Fusion Centre.
Category:Maritime zones of Indonesia