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| Hora de España | |
|---|---|
| Title | Hora de España |
| Firstdate | 1937 |
| Finaldate | 1938 |
| Country | Spain |
| Language | Spanish |
| Based | Valencia, Barcelona |
| Frequency | Weekly |
Hora de España was a Spanish literary and cultural magazine published during the late 1930s that became a focal point for writers, intellectuals, and artists associated with Republican Spain and the Spanish Civil War. The review gathered poets, playwrights, critics, and translators who debated aesthetics, politics, and exile while responding to developments in Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia. It served as a bridge between prewar avant-garde circles linked to Generation of '27, émigré communities, and international networks including French, British, and Latin American cultural institutions.
The magazine emerged in the context of the Spanish Civil War and the Republican defense of Valencia and Madrid, intersecting with events such as the Battle of Teruel, the Siege of Madrid, and the exodus precipitated by the Fall of Barcelona. Its lifespan coincided with the Second Spanish Republic's wartime councils, the activities of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, the Communist Party of Spain, and the cultural policies promoted by the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts. Editors and contributors negotiated tensions among supporters of Nicolás Guillén, sympathizers of Pablo Neruda, defenders of Federico García Lorca's legacy, and advocates for contacts with institutions such as the Institut d'Estudis Catalans, the University of Salamanca, and the Princeton University-linked philological networks.
Founders drew on antecedents like Revista de Occidente, La Gaceta Literaria, and magazines associated with the Generation of '98 and the Generation of '27. Editorial direction reflected dialogues with Juan Ramón Jiménez's modernism, Miguel de Unamuno's existentialist thought, and the critical approaches of José Ortega y Gasset and Américo Castro. The editorial board negotiated relationships with public figures including Manuel Azaña, representatives of the Spanish Republican Navy, and cultural officers tied to the Instituto Nacional de las Artes y Letras model. Debates in the pages referenced translation projects related to William Shakespeare, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, and modernists such as T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound.
A constellation of poets, dramatists, critics, and translators contributed: members of the Generation of '27 like Luis Cernuda, Rafael Alberti, and Pedro Salinas; younger figures aligned with Dámaso Alonso and Vicente Aleixandre; playwrights influenced by Benavente and Jacinto Benavente-inspired stagecraft; critics in dialogue with Emilio Carrere, Ramón Gómez de la Serna, and Magda Donato. International correspondents connected the review to Paul Éluard, André Breton, Boris Pasternak, Pablo Neruda, and Jorge Luis Borges. Editorial collaboration extended to translators and scholars associated with Cambridge University, Sorbonne University, Columbia University, and the Biblioteca Nacional de España. The network included artists from the circles of Salvador Dalí, Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Maruja Mallo, and illustrators linked to Carmen Conde and Rafael Canogar.
Articles blended poetry, drama, short prose, translation, and criticism, engaging with works by Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Antonio Machado, and contemporaries like Miguel Hernández. Thematics ranged from analyses of Surrealism and Dada interactions with Iberian letters to discussions of theatre reforms inspired by Antonin Artaud and Bertolt Brecht. Essays examined philological issues connected to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, comparative studies invoking Homer and Dante Alighieri, and reflections on republican cultural policy referencing Alexandre Dumas translations and the reception of Victor Hugo. Coverage included reportage on wartime cultural initiatives, manifestos by groups such as the Alliance of Antifascist Intellectuals, and reviews of exhibitions at institutions like the Museo del Prado and the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya.
Printed in limited runs from presses in Valencia and later in Barcelona, the magazine circulated among subscribers in Republican territories and abroad through networks linked to the Spanish Cultural Institute and private booksellers in Paris, London, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, and New York City. Distribution encountered constraints imposed by wartime logistics, blockades involving naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea, and censorship pressures from competing factions such as supporters of the Falange Española. Copies reached academic libraries including the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the British Library, and university collections at Harvard University and University of Buenos Aires.
Contemporaneous reception connected the review to critical responses from figures like Eugenio D'Ors, Julián Marías, and Victoria Kent, and to polemics with proponents of conservative cultural platforms such as ABC (newspaper). International critics in Le Monde, The Times, and El Mercurio assessed its role in sustaining Spanish letters during conflict. The magazine influenced theatrical groups including the Teatro Español Universitario and literary circles in Montevideo and Santiago de Chile, while fostering translation initiatives involving W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, and César Vallejo.
After the Civil War and the Francoist Spain consolidation, contributors dispersed into exile communities in Mexico, Argentina, France, and United Kingdom, shaping diasporic cultural production tied to institutions such as the Casa de América and the Instituto Cervantes foundations that later promoted recovery of wartime publications. Archives and special collections at the Archivo General de la Administración, the Real Academia Española, and university libraries preserve issues and correspondence, informing scholarship by historians including Paul Preston, Helen Graham, and Stanley G. Payne. The magazine's imprint endures in studies of the Generation of '27, comparative modernism, and the cultural history of the Spanish Civil War.
Category:Spanish literary magazines Category:Publications established in 1937 Category:Spanish Civil War culture