This article was accepted into the corpus but its outbound wikilinks were never NER-processed — typical at the deepest BFS hop or when the run's entity cap was reached. No expansion funnel to show.
| Gender & Society | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gender & Society |
| Focus | Gender studies, sociology, anthropology |
Gender & Society examines how gender shapes social life through roles, identities, institutions, and power; it analyzes interactions among individuals, groups, and structures. The field draws on interdisciplinary work by scholars associated with University of California, Berkeley, Harvard University, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, and international centers such as the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Research traces connections among activists and institutions including National Organization for Women, Stonewall riots, Combahee River Collective, and networks around events like the World Conference on Women (1995).
Key concepts include sex as a classification linked to bodies and gender role as socially prescribed behavior; these ideas have been elaborated by figures and texts such as Judith Butler, Simone de Beauvoir, Gayle Rubin, bell hooks, Michel Foucault, Laura Mulvey, Dorothy Smith, and Raewyn Connell. Terms like gender identity, gender expression, and gender performativity intersect with analyses from institutions including American Psychological Association, World Health Organization, and the Australian Human Rights Commission. Debates engage landmark works such as The Second Sex, Gender Trouble, The Dialectic of Sex, and policy documents like the Yogyakarta Principles.
Historical inquiry connects movements and moments: the Seneca Falls Convention, Suffrage movement, 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Victorian era, Meiji Restoration, and the Russian Revolution reshaped gender orders. Feminist waves are traced through activists and organizations such as Susan B. Anthony, Emmeline Pankhurst, Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Audre Lorde, Angela Davis, and groups like Women's Social and Political Union, National Women's Party, Black Panther Party, and Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. Scholarship links to archives and collections at the British Library, Library of Congress, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, and museums like the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Institutions that reproduce gender include workplaces, families, religious bodies, health systems, legal systems, and media organizations such as BBC, The New York Times, Al Jazeera, and CNN. Studies examine corporations like Unilever, Walmart, and Google for workplace gender dynamics; religious institutions including the Vatican, Al-Azhar University, Sikh Gurdwaras, and Lutheran Church for doctrinal gender roles; and healthcare providers like Mayo Clinic and Johns Hopkins Hospital for clinical gatekeeping. Analyses draw on litigation histories in Roe v. Wade, Obergefell v. Hodges, and statutes like Title IX and the Equal Pay Act of 1963.
Research on identity engages communities, activists, and clinicians: movements around Marsha P. Johnson, Sylvia Rivera, Christine Jorgensen, Laverne Cox, and organizations such as Transgender Law Center, GLAAD, Lambda Legal, and Human Rights Campaign. Clinical and theoretical work cites Harry Benjamin, Janet Mock, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, and diagnostic frameworks revised by bodies like the American Psychiatric Association and World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Intersectional case studies reference events like Stonewall riots and institutions such as Metropolitan Community Church and Planned Parenthood Federation of America.
Intersectional analysis foregrounds linked systems of power illustrated by actors and texts including Kimberlé Crenshaw, Patricia Hill Collins, bell hooks, Angela Davis, Frantz Fanon, and organizations like the Combahee River Collective and Black Lives Matter. Case studies draw on locales and events such as Harlem Renaissance, Civil Rights Movement, Labor movement, Occupy Wall Street, and institutions like International Labour Organization and World Bank to show how race, class, nationality, and sexuality co-produce gendered outcomes. Scholarship engages cultural producers such as James Baldwin, Zadie Smith, Toni Morrison, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and media productions like Paris Is Burning.
Policy and law reforms are shaped by campaigns and litigation involving organizations and cases such as National Organization for Women, ACLU, Stonewall riots, Roe v. Wade, United States v. Nixon (contextual), European Court of Human Rights, and treaties like Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Movements from suffrage to contemporary campaigns—#MeToo movement, HeForShe, Ni Una Menos, Women’s March (2017), and LGBT Pride—link activists, NGOs, and intergovernmental agencies such as the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.
Comparative work spans regions and actors: South Asian studies cite the Partition of India, Bhakta Kulwant Singh, and social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy; African contexts invoke Mau Mau Uprising, Nkrumah, and organizations like African Union and African Feminist Forum; Latin American gender politics involve Evita Perón, Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo, and regional bodies like Organization of American States. Cross-cultural scholarship engages anthropologists and ethnographers such as Margaret Mead, Clifford Geertz, Bronisław Malinowski, and institutions like the Smithsonian Institution and Maison des Sciences de l'Homme.