This article was accepted into the corpus but its outbound wikilinks were never NER-processed — typical at the deepest BFS hop or when the run's entity cap was reached. No expansion funnel to show.
| Fédération de Russie | |
|---|---|
| Conventional long name | Fédération de Russie |
| Common name | Russie |
| Capital | Moscow |
| Largest city | Moscow |
| Official languages | Russian |
| Population estimate | 144 million |
| Area km2 | 17098246 |
| Government type | Federal semi-presidential republic |
| Gdp nominal | $1.7 trillion (approx.) |
Fédération de Russie is the largest country by area, spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia across the Eurasian landmass, with borders touching Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. The federation's capital and largest metropolis is Moscow, while other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, and Nizhny Novgorod. The state is successor to the Russian SFSR within the dissolved Soviet Union and is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, participant in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and a member of the BRICS grouping.
The French-language name "Fédération de Russie" derives from the endonym of the medieval state of Kievan Rus' and from the modern Russian name "Rossiya", itself linked to the Rus' people and the Varangians, as referenced in the Primary Chronicle and in treaties such as the Treaty of Pereyaslav. Official designations since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union include the Russian-language constitutionally enshrined name "Российская Федерация", set forth in the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted in 1993 during the presidency of Boris Yeltsin. Historical official names include the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Russian SFSR under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.
The territory's recorded history spans from Kievan Rus' and the Grand Duchy of Moscow under rulers like Ivan III and Ivan IV through the imperial expansion of Peter the Great and the reforms of Catherine the Great into the Russian Empire, which fought in conflicts such as the Great Northern War, the Napoleonic Wars, and the Crimean War. The 1917 Russian Revolution toppled the Romanov dynasty, leading to the Russian Civil War and the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under the Bolsheviks and leaders like Lenin and Stalin. World War II, known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War, involved battles such as Stalingrad and Kursk and shaped postwar superpower status along with confrontations like the Cold War and crises including the Cuban Missile Crisis. The late 20th century saw perestroika and glasnost under Mikhail Gorbachev, followed by the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union and the emergence of the modern state under Boris Yeltsin and later Vladimir Putin, whose tenure has included events like the Second Chechen War, the 2014 Crimean crisis, and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Spanning eleven time zones, the federation encompasses diverse biomes from the Arctic Barents Sea and the Kara Sea coasts across the Ural Mountains to the Siberian Taiga and the Lake Baikal rift valley, with notable landforms including the Caucasus Mountains, the Volga River, the Don River, and the Kamchatka Peninsula hosting the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano. Climate zones range from Arctic tundra on the Kola Peninsula to continental steppe in the Volga region and alpine zones in Mount Elbrus, while environmental issues include permafrost thaw affecting the Yamal Peninsula, oil and gas extraction in the Sakhalin shelf, and biodiversity concerns in the Russian Far East near Primorsky Krai and Amur Oblast.
The federation is structured as a federation of federal subjects including oblasts, republics, krais, autonomous okrugs, and federal cities such as Moscow and Saint Petersburg, governed under the Constitution of the Russian Federation with powers divided among the President of Russia, the Government of Russia led by the Prime Minister of Russia, the Federation Council as upper chamber, and the State Duma as lower chamber. Political life has been dominated by parties and movements such as United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and notable figures including Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, and opposition activists like Alexei Navalny, while policy debates have centered on federal-central relations with regions like Tatarstan and Chechnya and international agreements including the Budapest Memorandum and interactions with organizations like the Council of Europe.
The national economy relies heavily on extraction and export of petroleum and natural gas from basins such as the Timan-Pechora Basin and the West Siberian petroleum basin, with major energy companies like Gazprom, Rosneft, and Lukoil. Industrial centers in Yekaterinburg, Perm, and Nizhny Novgorod produce machinery, aerospace products tied to entities like Roscosmos and historical firms associated with the Soviet space program, while agricultural production occurs in the Black Earth region and export routes traverse ports such as Novorossiysk and Vladivostok. Economic relations involve trade partners including China, Germany, Turkey, Belarus, and India, and the economy has faced sanctions linked to events like the 2014 Crimean crisis and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine affecting finance, energy, and shipping.
The population comprises numerous ethnic groups including Russians (ethnic group), Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvash people, and indigenous peoples such as the Nenets and Evenks, with official recognition of republics like Tatarstan and Chechnya reflecting ethnic federalism. Major urban agglomerations include Moscow Metropolitan Area and the Saint Petersburg metropolitan area, while social institutions encompass the Russian Orthodox Church, minority faiths such as Islam in Russia, Buddhist traditions of Kalmykia and Judaism in Russia, and civil society organizations involved in human rights discussions concerning figures like Anna Politkovskaya and bodies such as Amnesty International.
Cultural heritage stems from medieval chronicles like the Primary Chronicle and artistic traditions including composers Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Igor Stravinsky, and Sergei Rachmaninoff, writers such as Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Alexander Pushkin, and Anton Chekhov, and visual artists like Ilya Repin and Wassily Kandinsky. Architectural landmarks include Saint Basil's Cathedral, the Hermitage Museum, and the Kremlin, while sporting achievements involve Daniil Medvedev in tennis, Alexander Ovechkin in hockey, and successes in the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup hosting. National symbols include the double-headed eagle of Russia, the tricolor flag, and the anthem composed by Alexander Alexandrov with lyrics adapted in 2000, all central to state ceremonies and public commemoration.
Category:Countries