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| Future Circular Collider Study | |
|---|---|
| Name | Future Circular Collider Study |
| Caption | Conceptual layout studies for a large circular collider |
| Established | 2013 |
| Type | High-energy physics project |
| Location | Europe (proposed) |
| Owner | CERN and international partners |
Future Circular Collider Study The Future Circular Collider Study is a long-term accelerator research program led by CERN with contributions from institutions such as DESY, INFN, Fermilab, KEK, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory to investigate designs for a next-generation particle collider. Initiated after the Large Hadron Collider operational experience, the project coordinates efforts across laboratories including National Institute of Nuclear Physics (Italy), Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Paul Scherrer Institute, and universities such as University of Oxford, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and École Polytechnique. The study informs stakeholders including the European Commission, European Strategy for Particle Physics committees, national agencies like the National Science Foundation, and research networks such as PRACE and EUROfusion.
The study consolidates input from working groups involving ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE, and detector R&D teams connected to CERN Accelerators & Technology Sector, ARC Centre of Excellence, and academic groups at University of Cambridge, University of Manchester, University of Tokyo, Tsinghua University, Peking University, and Utrecht University. It synthesizes technological roadmaps from collaborations including IHEP (China), Institute of Physics (Poland), Czech Academy of Sciences, and agencies such as STFC and DFG to evaluate accelerator options like a high-energy hadron collider, an electron-positron collider, and hybrid staging scenarios with input from projects like Ilc, CLIC, SPPC, and CEPC.
Design studies examine magnet technology pioneered by groups at CERN Magnet Group, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, LBNL, and industrial partners including Siemens, General Electric, Toshiba, and Hitachi. Concepts include high-field superconducting magnets using Nb3Sn researched at Oxford Superconducting Technology, Furukawa Electric, and OST, and high-temperature superconductors explored at American Superconductor and Sumitomo Electric. Radiofrequency systems draw on expertise from CERN RF Group, KEK RF, Grad research centers, and firms like Thales. Beam dynamics modeling uses simulation software from ROOT, Geant4, MAD-X, and groups at SLAC, Bologna University, Princeton University, University of California, Berkeley, and École Normale Supérieure. Cryogenics relies on engineering developed by Air Liquide, Linde, Cryogenic Engineering Group (CERN), and teams from University of Wisconsin–Madison. Detector concepts bring together CERN EP Department, IHEP Detector Lab, DESY Detector Group, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Brookhaven detectors, and collaborations tied to experiments like ILC Detector R&D.
Physics objectives are framed by communities including Particle Data Group, Theory Division (CERN), and theorists from Princeton University, Harvard University, Caltech, Institute for Advanced Study, Perimeter Institute, Niels Bohr Institute, Max Planck Institute for Physics, IHEP, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, and Stanford University. Targets include precision studies of the Higgs boson properties measured by ATLAS and CMS, searches for supersymmetry informed by work at DESY and Fermilab, and investigations of dark matter models developed at CERN Theory, SLAC, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The program evaluates sensitivity to phenomena like electroweak symmetry breaking, top quark couplings, neutrino-related portals studied by T2K and DUNE, and rare processes connected to flavor experiments at Belle II and LHCb.
Geotechnical and civil studies reference tunneling projects such as the Gotthard Base Tunnel, Channel Tunnel, Alpine tunnels, and infrastructure models from Geneva metropolitan planning and regional authorities including Canton of Geneva. Engineering partners include BKW Group, Strabag, Vinci, Balfour Beatty, Bechtel, and research input from École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, ETH Zurich, Polish Geological Institute, and British Geological Survey. Considerations cover shaft placement near institutions like CERN Meyrin site, utilities modeled after Geneva International Airport connections, and integration with transport hubs at Lausanne, Annecy, and Lyon. Tunneling techniques reference studies from National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (Switzerland) and lessons from Fréjus Road Tunnel projects.
Costing draws on prior accelerator budgets such as LHC construction, upgrade estimates from High-Luminosity LHC, and large science projects like ITER, James Webb Space Telescope, Square Kilometre Array, and European Extremely Large Telescope. Funding models consider agencies including European Research Council, Swiss National Science Foundation, Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research, CNRS, CERN Council, US Department of Energy, Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Governance frameworks proposed reflect precedents from CERN Convention, International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Agreement, and European Southern Observatory statutes, with advisory input from European Strategy Group and panels such as the Survey of High Energy Physics Committees.
Environmental assessments reference standards used by International Atomic Energy Agency and regional bodies like Swiss Federal Office for the Environment and Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Énergie. Societal impact analyses draw comparisons with mega-project community engagement in CERN outreach, UNESCO World Heritage considerations in Alpine corridors, and case studies involving Fukushima and Three Mile Island institutional responses for risk communication. Economic impact modeling uses frameworks from OECD and regional development agencies including Geneva Chamber of Commerce.
The study coordinates international partnerships via memoranda similar to arrangements by CERN Council, ITER Organization, European Space Agency, International Science Council, and bilateral agreements involving France, Switzerland, Germany, United Kingdom, United States, China, Japan, India, Russia, and Brazil. Policy deliberations engage bodies like the European Commission, G7 Science Ministers, UNESCO, and national research councils such as NSF and MEXT to align priorities, share intellectual property, and manage workforce development with universities such as Sorbonne University and Heidelberg University.
Critiques reference debates in reports by European Strategy for Particle Physics groups, analyses comparing opportunity costs with projects like SKA, DUNE, CMB-S4, and arguments advanced at forums including EPS-HEPP, ICHEP, Aspen Center for Physics, and workshops at Perimeter Institute. Alternatives evaluated include linear colliders like ILC and CLIC, circular proposals such as CEPC and SPPC, and non-accelerator approaches pursued by IceCube, LIGO, Euclid, and Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope collaborations.