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| França | |
|---|---|
| Native name | República da França |
| Conventional long name | French Republic |
| Capital | Paris |
| Largest city | Paris |
| Official languages | French language |
| Government type | Semi-presidential system |
| Leader title1 | President of France |
| Leader title2 | Prime Minister of France |
| Area km2 | 551695 |
| Population estimate | 67 million |
| Currency | Euro |
| Calling code | +33 |
| Time zone | Central European Time |
França is a sovereign state in Western Europe with widespread influence in global diplomacy, law, culture, and science. It is a founding member of institutions such as the United Nations, the European Union, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and it hosts major cultural sites including Louvre Museum and Notre-Dame de Paris. The country combines a centralized administration with strong regional identities tied to historical provinces like Brittany and Normandy.
The modern name derives from the medieval Franks, a Germanic people who established polities such as the Kingdom of the Franks and rulers like Clovis I. Successive terms appear in documents associated with the Carolingian Empire and later the Capetian dynasty, with royal titles such as King of the Franks evolving into territorial identifiers used by monarchs including Hugh Capet. Linguistic transition reflects contacts with languages represented by figures like Rollo and the administrative reforms under rulers connected to the Holy Roman Empire.
Territorial formation traces from Roman provinces such as Gaul through the post-Roman period dominated by the Merovingian dynasty and the Carolingian Renaissance. The medieval era involved feudal dynamics exemplified at events like the Hundred Years' War and rulers like Philip II of France. Religious and political transformations included the French Wars of Religion and reforms under monarchs such as Louis XIV. Revolutionary change accelerated with the French Revolution and leaders like Maximilien Robespierre, followed by the Napoleonic Wars under Napoleon Bonaparte. The 19th and 20th centuries saw regimes including the July Monarchy and the French Third Republic, conflicts such as World War I and World War II, and postwar reconstruction led by figures like Charles de Gaulle and institutions like the European Coal and Steel Community.
Mainland territory occupies part of the Western Europe continental landmass with coastlines on the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Major rivers include the Seine, Loire, Garonne, and Rhone. Mountain ranges such as the Alps and Pyrenees define borders with neighbors like Italy and Spain respectively. Overseas regions and collectivities extend presence to areas including Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion, and French Guiana in South America, influencing jurisdictional reach across oceans.
The constitution frames a political system with a head of state titled President of France and a head of government titled Prime Minister of France. The bicameral legislature consists of the Senate of France and the National Assembly (France). Major political parties include La République En Marche!, The Republicans, Socialist Party, and National Rally. Electoral milestones and institutions interact with legal frameworks such as decisions by the Constitutional Council (France) and policies shaped during presidencies like those of François Mitterrand and Emmanuel Macron.
The economy integrates sectors including advanced manufacturing centered near Lyon, aerospace led by firms linked to programs like Ariane in collaboration with European Space Agency, and luxury goods headquartered in Paris. The country is part of the Eurozone and uses the Euro as currency; fiscal policy is coordinated within frameworks involving the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Trade Organization. Key infrastructure projects have been developed with participation from entities such as SNCF and RATP Group.
Population centers include Paris, Marseille, Lyon, and Toulouse, with migration patterns influenced by historical ties to former colonies like Algeria and Senegal. Cultural heritage encompasses movements such as French Impressionism and figures like Victor Hugo, Claude Monet, and Molière; major cultural institutions include the Académie française and the Comédie-Française. Culinary traditions feature regional specialties from Bordeaux to Provence, and contributions to science and philosophy are associated with individuals like Marie Curie, René Descartes, and Jean-Paul Sartre.
A permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, the country pursues diplomacy through embassies and missions at multilateral organizations including the European Union and NATO. It maintains bilateral relations with powers such as the United States, China, Russia, and regional partners like Germany and United Kingdom. Defense and security engagements have included operations under mandates like those of the United Nations and interventions coordinated with allies during crises in regions such as Mali.
National symbols include the tricolor flag derived from events like the French Revolution, the national anthem La Marseillaise, and the personification known as Marianne. Official holidays such as Bastille Day commemorate revolutionary milestones, while monuments like the Eiffel Tower and sites like Mont Saint-Michel serve as iconic markers of cultural identity.
Category:Countries in Europe Category:Member states of the European Union