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| Evenk Autonomous Okrug | |
|---|---|
| Name | Evenk Autonomous Okrug |
| Native name | Эвенкийский автономный округ |
| Settlement type | Autonomous okrug |
| Subdivision type | Country |
| Subdivision name | Russian Federation |
| Subdivision type1 | Federal district |
| Subdivision name1 | Siberian Federal District |
| Subdivision type2 | Federal subject |
| Subdivision name2 | Krasnoyarsk Krai |
| Established title | Established |
| Established date | 1930 |
| Abolished date | 2007 |
| Area total km2 | 763197 |
| Population total | 16788 |
| Population as of | 2002 Census |
| Seat type | Administrative center |
| Seat | Tura, Krasnoyarsk Krai |
Evenk Autonomous Okrug was a former autonomous okrug of the Russian SFSR and later the Russian Federation, located in the central part of Siberia. Established in 1930 as an area for the Evenks and other indigenous peoples, it existed as a separate federal subject until its merger with Krasnoyarsk Krai in 2007 following a referendum. The territory is noted for vast taiga, extensive river systems such as the Yenisei River basin, and sparse population concentrated in settlements like Tura, Krasnoyarsk Krai and Baykit. The region featured interactions with entities including the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, and various indigenous movements.
The okrug's origins trace to administrative reforms in the late Soviet period and earlier policies under the Russian Empire that affected indigenous groups like the Evenks, Eveny, and Nenets. In 1930 the formation responded to directives from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars aiming to organize national territories alongside other units such as Yakut ASSR, Chukotka Okrug, and Buryat-Mongol ASSR. During World War II mobilization and the Great Patriotic War logistics shifted across Siberian transport corridors linked to the Trans-Siberian Railway and aviation staging points used by units of the Red Army and Soviet Air Force. Postwar policies under leaders like Joseph Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev affected migration, collectivization, and resource development involving state enterprises such as Glavsevmorput-era planners and later ministries like the Ministry of Geology of the USSR. In the 1990s the okrug negotiated its status within the Russian Federation amid constitutional reforms by figures including Boris Yeltsin and institutions like the Federation Council of Russia. The 2007 referendum resulted in merger procedures overseen by regional governors such as Alexander Khloponin and federal actors including Vladimir Putin.
The territory encompassed part of the central Siberian plateau, with landscapes featuring taiga forests, permafrost, wetlands, and mountain ranges contiguous with the Putorana Plateau and areas draining into the Yenisei River and its tributaries like the Podkamennaya Tunguska River and Khatanga River. Major settlements included Tura, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Vanavara, and Baykit. Climatic conditions ranged from subarctic to continental, influenced by polar air masses from the Arctic Ocean and cyclonic activity associated with the Siberian High. Flora and fauna communities connected to conservation areas and scientific expeditions linked to institutions such as the Russian Geographical Society and research stations collaborating with universities like Tomsk State University and Novosibirsk State University.
Population density was among the lowest in the Russian Federation, with indigenous groups including the Evenks, Eveny, Nenets, and Yakuts present alongside ethnic Russians and Ukrainians relocated during Soviet development programs. Census operations by the Rosstat recorded shifts in urbanization in settlements such as Tura, Krasnoyarsk Krai and rural localities like Kislokan. Indigenous languages from families such as Tungusic were studied at centers including the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology and featured in cultural preservation efforts with organizations like Unesco and regional NGOs. Religious affiliations included traditional animist practices, Orthodox Christianity, and syncretic beliefs noted in ethnographic work by scholars associated with the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Economic activity emphasized extraction industries, forestry, reindeer herding by indigenous communities, and small-scale agriculture adapted to northern latitudes. Mineral wealth included deposits of coal, gold, diamonds, and other minerals surveyed by agencies like the Ministry of Natural Resources. Energy and transport projects connected to corporations such as Gazprom, Rosneft, and regional branches of Siberian Coal Energy Company influenced local development, while enterprises like timber firms and mining companies engaged with markets in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and export routes toward Murmansk and Vladivostok. Soviet-era industrialization programs and later post-Soviet privatizations involved entities such as the Rosimushchestvo and legal frameworks from the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Administratively the okrug had its own executive and legislative bodies until the 2007 merger, interacting with federal institutions like the President of Russia and the Government of Russia. Regional governance featured local leaders and interfaces with the Federation Council and the State Duma through representation negotiated during the 1990s constitutional arrangements. Intergovernmental relations involved agreements with Krasnoyarsk Krai authorities, federal ministries including the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, and international bodies monitoring indigenous rights such as the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
Cultural life reflected Evenk traditions of reindeer pastoralism, shamanic practices, throat singing, and handicrafts, preserved through festivals, museums, and institutions like local cultural houses and archives linked to the Russian State Archive of Ethnography. Educational and cultural exchanges involved universities such as Irkutsk State University and researchers from the Institute of Linguistics (RAS), while artists and writers from Siberia appeared in collections organized by the Union of Russian Writers. Media outlets and broadcasting networks in the region connected to VGTRK and regional newspapers documented social change, and NGOs advocated for indigenous language rights in collaboration with organizations like Survival International.
Transport infrastructure was limited, with airfields serving settlements (for example, Tura Airport) and winter ice roads connecting remote localities; surface links tied to the Trans-Siberian Railway corridor via river transport on the Yenisei River and its tributaries. Utilities and public services were administered with support from federal programs administered by ministries such as the Ministry of Transport of Russia and development initiatives financed through federal investment mechanisms and regional budgets coordinated with Krasnoyarsk Krai. Communication projects involved satellite links and postal services like Russian Post to maintain connections across vast distances.
Category:Former federal subjects of Russia