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| Cyclone | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cyclone |
| Classification | Tropical cyclone / extratropical cyclone / subtropical cyclone |
| Areas affected | Global |
Cyclone is a rotating low-pressure weather system characterized by inward-spiraling winds and organized convection that produces heavy rain, storm surge, and strong winds. Cyclones occur across tropical and extratropical regions and are studied by meteorologists, climatologists, and disaster management agencies worldwide. They have shaped historical events, influenced economic development, and driven advances in atmospheric science and remote sensing.
Cyclones intersect with institutions and events such as National Hurricane Center, India Meteorological Department, Joint Typhoon Warning Center, World Meteorological Organization, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change while affecting locations like Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Mexico, South China Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean. Historical encounters include impacts comparable to 1970 Bhola cyclone, Hurricane Katrina, Cyclone Nargis, Typhoon Haiyan, and Superstorm Sandy and have involved response from Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Disaster Management Authority (India), United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and World Bank recovery programs. Scientific progress was propelled by research conducted at institutions such as NOAA, Met Office (United Kingdom), Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and MIT.
Cyclone genesis is influenced by sea-surface temperature anomalies tracked by Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer, ARGO (oceanography), and TOGA datasets and by atmospheric oscillations like the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Madden–Julian Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Indian Ocean Dipole. Formation involves interactions studied in theories by William Ferrel, observations from platforms such as GOES, METEOSAT, Himawari, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, and instruments like Doppler radar, scatterometer, buoy network, and dropsonde. Synoptic influences include monsoon troughs seen in South Asian monsoon circulation, subtropical ridges associated with Azores High, baroclinic zones linked to polar front theory, and vorticity contributions traced to phenomena including Rossby waves and Kelvin waves. Case studies reference events cataloged by International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship, HURDAT database, and analyses published in journals such as Journal of Atmospheric Sciences and Monthly Weather Review.
Classification uses regional scales including the Saffir–Simpson scale, Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, Japan Meteorological Agency typhoon scale, and India Meteorological Department cyclone scale as well as wind metrics from agencies like Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Intensity estimates rely on techniques including the Dvorak technique, aircraft reconnaissance by NOAA Hurricane Hunters, and objective analyses from models such as ECMWF, GFS, UK Met Office Unified Model, HWRF, and CMC (Canadian model). Historical intensity reanalysis projects involve teams at National Centers for Environmental Prediction and International Hurricane Research Center.
Different regions apply distinct names: hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean and Northeast Pacific Ocean, typhoon in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, and local terms like willy-willy in Australia and bagyo in the Philippines. Other classifications include tropical cyclone, subtropical cyclone, extratropical cyclone, and hybrid systems such as medicane events in the Mediterranean Sea. Regional agencies providing nomenclature include Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Météo-France, and China Meteorological Administration.
Cyclones produce hazards including storm surge that has devastated coastal cities such as New Orleans, Mumbai, Haiyan-affected regions, and Dhaka; extreme precipitation leading to floods in basins like the Ganges Delta, Mekong Delta, and Mississippi River Delta; and destructive winds damaging infrastructure in places like Honolulu, Tokyo, and Manila. Secondary hazards include landslides in regions such as Himalayas, Andes, and Philippines mountain ranges, and public health crises historically addressed by organizations like World Health Organization and Médecins Sans Frontières. Economic and social impacts have prompted recovery efforts by Asian Development Bank, International Monetary Fund, and national governments such as Government of Bangladesh and Government of the United States.
Forecasting combines numerical weather prediction models from centers including European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, National Weather Service, Canadian Meteorological Centre, and Japan Meteorological Agency with data assimilation from COSMIC, GPS radio occultation, satellite altimetry, and airborne platforms such as Hurricane Hunter aircraft. Ensemble prediction systems, probabilistic forecasts, and coupling with ocean models like HYCOM and ROMS improve track and intensity projections. Communication of warnings involves media outlets like BBC News, Al Jazeera, The New York Times, and emergency broadcast networks coordinated with agencies including NOAA Weather Radio and Indian Air Force logistics in relief operations.
Preparedness strategies draw on guidelines from United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and national plans implemented by bodies such as National Disaster Management Authority (India), FEMA, and Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. Mitigation measures include infrastructure standards influenced by building codes like those promulgated in Florida Building Code, coastal defenses inspired by projects in Netherlands, and nature-based solutions exemplified by mangrove restoration programs in Bangladesh and Vietnam. Community resilience initiatives reference case studies from Cyclone Preparedness Programme (Bangladesh), urban planning in Jakarta, and insurance mechanisms like Catastrophe bonds and programs by Munich Re and Swiss Re.