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| Brazilian | |
|---|---|
| Name | Brazilian |
| Birth place | Brazil |
| Nationality | Brazil |
Brazilian.
Brazilian identity denotes individuals associated with Brazil by birth, citizenship, descent, or long-term residence. The term intersects with distinct regional, ethnic, and civic identities shaped by encounters among Indigenous nations such as the Tupi–Guarani peoples, transatlantic Atlantic slave trade populations from West Africa and Central Africa, and migrants from Portugal, Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Middle East. Political institutions like the Proclamation of the Republic (1889) and legal frameworks such as the Brazilian Nationality Law have codified categories of belonging while cultural movements including modernismo and the Tropicalismo manifesto have articulated national self-understanding.
The English demonym traces to the Portuguese term derived from the Brazilian wood known as pau-brasil, linked to early colonial extraction tied to expeditions like those led by Pedro Álvares Cabral and commercial enterprises such as the House of Braganza. Colonial legislation including the Captaincies of Brazil shaped early usage while constitutional texts such as the Constitution of Brazil (1988) define modern legal belonging. Scholarly works by Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, Gilberto Freyre, and Caio Prado Júnior examine how nomenclature shifted through abolition debates involving activists like Luís Gama and political reforms after the Lei Áurea.
Population distribution varies across regions such as the North Region, Brazil, Northeast Region, Brazil, Southeast Region, Brazil, South Region, Brazil, and Central-West Region, Brazil. Census operations by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics document ethnic categories influenced by groups including the Kaingang people, Guarani people, Afro-Brazilians, and descendants of Italian Brazilians, German Brazilians, Japanese Brazilians, and Lebanese Brazilians. Urbanization around metropolises like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Salvador, Bahia, and Belo Horizonte contrasts with inland settlements such as the Amazonas (state) and frontier dynamics in Roraima. Public health campaigns under ministries such as the Ministry of Health (Brazil) address demographic challenges exemplified during crises like the Zika virus epidemic.
Cultural life encompasses festivals, musical forms, and artistic movements: Carnival in Brazil, samba, bossa nova, forró, and manguebeat coexist with literary outputs by Machado de Assis, Jorge Amado, Clarice Lispector, and Graciliano Ramos. Visual arts and modernist architecture link figures like Tarsila do Amaral and Oscar Niemeyer to institutions such as the Museu de Arte de São Paulo and events like the Biennale of São Paulo. Football culture centers on clubs like Flamengo, Corinthians, and national achievements under the Confederação Brasileira de Futebol and players including Pelé, Zico, Ronaldo, and Neymar. Religion features syncretic practices such as Candomblé and Umbanda alongside major affiliations with Roman Catholicism in Brazil and Protestant denominations represented by groups like the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God.
The principal language is Portuguese as standardized by the Academia Brasileira de Letras and regulated through agreements such as the Orthographic Agreement of 1990. Regional varieties include Paulista dialects, Carioca dialects, Nordestino Portuguese, and influences from indigenous tongues like Guarani language and immigrant languages such as Hokaglish among Japanese Brazilians and Riograndenser Hunsrückisch among German Brazilians. Linguistic scholarship by institutions like the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and the University of São Paulo documents code-switching, creolization phenomena, and the status of endangered languages under protections embedded in the Brazilian Constitution (1988).
Economic sectors span agribusiness led by commodities such as soy cultivated in regions like Mato Grosso, cattle ranching across the Pantanal, mining in Minas Gerais, and energy projects involving companies such as Petrobras and Eletrobras. Industrial clusters in São Paulo (state) and technology initiatives in cities like Campinas interact with transport corridors including the BR-163 and ports like Port of Santos. Financial institutions such as the Central Bank of Brazil and stock exchange B3 (stock exchange) mediate domestic and international capital flows; social programs like Bolsa Família address poverty metrics monitored by agencies including the Ministry of Social Development.
Historical epochs range from pre-Columbian societies associated with archaeological sites like Sambaqui to colonization by Portuguese Empire authorities, the sugar economy tied to plantations in Pernambuco, and the gold cycle in regions around Ouro Preto. Key political milestones include independence under Dom Pedro I following the Independence of Brazil, the imperial era, the Abolition of Slavery in Brazil via the Lei Áurea (1888), the Proclamation of the Republic (1889), the Vargas administrations of Getúlio Vargas, the military period under the Military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985), and re-democratization culminating in the Constitution of Brazil (1988). Social movements such as the Landless Workers' Movement (MST) and cultural responses like Cinema Novo have shaped national trajectories.
Diplomacy operates through membership in organizations such as the United Nations, BRICS, the Organization of American States, and regional frameworks like the Union of South American Nations. Migration flows produced diasporas in countries including the United States, Japan, Portugal, and Argentina while inbound migration historically involved waves from Italy, Germany, Japan, and Spain. Bilateral relations with actors such as the United States, China, European Union, and neighboring states like Argentina and Bolivia affect trade, security, and environmental cooperation on transboundary challenges exemplified by the Amazon rainforest stewardship debates.
Category:Demographics of Brazil