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| Brassicales | |
|---|---|
| Name | Brassicales |
| Regnum | Plantae |
| Divisio | Angiosperms |
| Classis | Eudicots |
| Familia | Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Caricaceae, Cleomaceae, Moringaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Resedaceae, Bataceae, Akaniaceae, Pentadiplandraceae |
Brassicales
Brassicales are an order of flowering plants notable for diverse families including Charles Darwin-noted cabbages and papayas, cultivated by societies from Ancient Egypt to Mesoamerica. The group has been central to studies by figures such as Gregor Mendel and institutions like the Royal Society and Smithsonian Institution. Prominent taxa are prominent in cuisines of France, India, China, Mexico, and research conducted at universities such as University of Cambridge, Harvard University, and University of California, Davis.
Members display varied growth forms studied by researchers at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. Morphological features were cataloged in works by Carl Linnaeus and later revised in publications of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Many produce glucosinolates, a trait examined by labs at the Max Planck Society and the John Innes Centre. Leaf, flower, and fruit structures have been imaged in archives of the Natural History Museum, London and referenced in monographs by the Botanical Society of America. Botanists at the Kew Herbarium and herbarium collections at the New York Botanical Garden preserve type specimens used in taxonomic keys developed with support from the National Science Foundation.
The order's circumscription has been refined through projects led by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and analyses published in journals affiliated with the Royal Society of London and the National Academy of Sciences. Families such as Brassicaceae were described by early taxonomists in correspondence with figures at the British Museum and later reclassified following molecular sequencing at facilities like the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Systematists from Smithsonian Institution and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew contributed to family-level rearrangements recognized by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Classification schemes compare data from databases like those housed at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Molecular clocks calibrated using fossils curated at the Natural History Museum, London and isotope studies by researchers at the Geological Society of America have dated diversification events discussed at conferences of the American Society of Plant Biologists and the Botanical Congress. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed by teams at University of California, Berkeley and the University of Oxford using sequences deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information databases and analyzed with software developed at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Evolutionary work builds on paleobotanical finds reported by the Smithsonian Institution and the American Museum of Natural History.
Species ranges are documented in floras produced by institutions such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Missouri Botanical Garden, and the New York Botanical Garden and in field surveys funded by the National Geographic Society and the World Wildlife Fund. Habitats span temperate zones reported from Europe and North America to tropical zones in South America and Africa with region-specific accounts in publications from the Australian National Herbarium and the South African National Biodiversity Institute. Conservation agencies like the International Union for Conservation of Nature compile range maps used by environmental ministries in countries including Brazil, India, and China.
Interactions with herbivores and pollinators have been detailed in studies at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Xerces Society. Chemical ecology involving glucosinolates has been investigated by research groups at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology and the John Innes Centre, with implications for pest management programs run by agencies such as the United States Department of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organization. Symbioses and antagonisms are observed in ecosystems monitored by the European Commission and non-governmental groups like Conservation International.
Economically significant genera are central to agriculture ministries in nations including France, Germany, United States, China, and India, and to companies like Monsanto (now part of Bayer AG), Syngenta, and seed banks at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Crops such as cabbages, mustards, and papaya feature in cuisines of Italy, Japan, Mexico, and Ethiopia and figure in cultural practices recorded by museums such as the Musée de l'Homme and the National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico). Research institutions including University of Cambridge and Wageningen University lead breeding and genomics programs funded by agencies like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the European Research Council.
Conservation assessments by the IUCN Red List and national bodies such as the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and Environment Agency (UK) identify threatened taxa, while restoration projects are coordinated by organizations like The Nature Conservancy and BirdLife International. Threats from habitat loss cited in reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and invasive species monitored by the Global Invasive Species Programme affect wild relatives preserved in seed banks including the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and genebanks at the International Rice Research Institute and regional institutions.