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| Biodiversity Conservation Strategy of the Russian Federation | |
|---|---|
| Name | Biodiversity Conservation Strategy of the Russian Federation |
| Jurisdiction | Russian Federation |
| Adopted | 2001 (updated instruments thereafter) |
| Ministries | Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Russia), Ministry of Economic Development (Russia), Ministry of Agriculture (Russia) |
| Related | Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Ramsar Convention |
Biodiversity Conservation Strategy of the Russian Federation is the national strategic framework orienting conservation action across the Russian Federation and its federal subjects such as Krasnoyarsk Krai, Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky Krai and Murmansk Oblast. The Strategy links domestic instruments including the Federal Law on Environmental Protection (1991), Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, and regional programs in oblasts and republics with international commitments like the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Ramsar Convention, and the Convention on Migratory Species. It frames priorities for ecosystems from the Siberian taiga to the Russian Far East and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge-adjacent zones, integrating inputs from institutions such as the Russian Academy of Sciences, the State Duma, and the Government of Russia.
The Strategy was developed against pressures from industrial sectors including Gazprom, Rosneft, Norilsk Nickel, and infrastructure projects tied to corridors like the Trans-Siberian Railway, and follows national responses to biodiversity crises identified by bodies such as the Russian Academy of Sciences, WWF-Russia, Greenpeace Russia, IUCN and the United Nations Environment Programme. Historical drivers include post-Soviet legal restructuring in the 1990s in Russia, resource development in the Yamal Peninsula, and conservation precedents set by reserves like Sikhote-Alin and Kronotsky Nature Reserve. International events influencing the Strategy include the Earth Summit, the Rio Declaration, and accession to multilateral agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity.
The Strategy operates within a statutory matrix comprised of instruments such as the Federal Law on Specially Protected Natural Areas (1995), the Federal Law on Environmental Protection (1991), and sectoral laws regulating forestry via the Forest Code of the Russian Federation and fisheries under the Federal Fisheries Law. Legislative actors include the State Duma, the Federation Council, and executive agencies like the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Russia), while judicial oversight involves the Constitutional Court of Russia and regional courts in entities like Sakhalin Oblast. The framework aligns national policy with obligations under Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES, and conventions such as Bern Convention where applicable.
The Strategy sets objectives covering protection of critical habitats in areas such as Lake Baikal, restoration of degraded landscapes in the Volga Delta, conservation of species like the Amur tiger, Siberian tiger, European mink, and migratory birds protected under the Ramsar Convention, and prevention of invasive species pathways linked to ports like Murmansk and Saint Petersburg. Targets reference protected-area coverage benchmarks mirroring internationally proposed percentages, species recovery plans involving institutions like the Russian Geographical Society and the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, and sustainability goals integrated with national plans from the Ministry of Economic Development (Russia) and regional strategies in Novosibirsk Oblast.
Instruments specified include expansion and management of specially protected natural territories such as zapovedniks (strict nature reserves) like Losiny Ostrov National Park, creation of buffer zones, species management programs for mammals like Amur leopard and birds like the Spoon-billed sandpiper, habitat restoration projects in the Kola Peninsula, and regulatory measures addressing pollution from firms including Lukoil and Severnaya Neft. Tools span protected-area governance models drawn from IUCN categories, environmental impact assessment procedures linked to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Russia), payment for ecosystem services pilots with entities such as the World Bank and EBRD, and spatial planning coordinated with infrastructure agencies responsible for corridors such as the Baikal–Amur Mainline.
Governance rests on a multi-level structure linking federal ministries like the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Russia), research institutes including the Komarov Botanical Institute, regional administrations in republics such as Tatarstan, and civil society actors such as WWF-Russia, Russian Geographical Society, and academic bodies like the Lomonosov Moscow State University. Interagency coordination mechanisms involve the Government of Russia’s commissions, expert councils drawing experts from the Russian Academy of Sciences and NGOs, and municipal authorities in cities like Moscow and Vladivostok for implementation on the ground.
Funding sources combine federal budget allocations overseen by the Ministry of Finance (Russia), regional budget lines in oblasts such as Khabarovsk Krai, international financing through institutions like the World Bank and Global Environment Facility, and private sector contributions from corporations including SUEK and philanthropic foundations tied to the Russian Presidential Grants Foundation. Economic instruments include tax incentives for sustainable forestry certified under schemes aligned with the Forest Stewardship Council, biodiversity offsets negotiated with extractors such as Norilsk Nickel, and pilot payment-for-ecosystem-services schemes tested in basins like the Amur River.
Monitoring and assessment are conducted by scientific bodies including the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, university centers at Saint Petersburg State University, and reserve administrations in sites such as Kronotsky Nature Reserve. Programs deploy remote sensing from assets linked to agencies such as Roscosmos, species inventories in collaboration with IUCN and NGOs like BirdLife International, and databases coordinated with the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation and regional biodiversity atlases for territories including Yakutia.
The Strategy interfaces with international frameworks including the Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES, the Ramsar Convention, bilateral cooperation with states such as China and Norway on transboundary conservation in the Amur River and the Barents Sea, and multilateral engagement via forums like the United Nations Environment Programme and the Arctic Council. Technical partnerships have involved organizations such as the World Bank, UNDP, IUCN, and conservation NGOs like WWF-Russia to implement cross-border initiatives in ecoregions including the Boreal Forest and the Amur-Heilong basin.
Category:Environmental policy of Russia