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| Bilingual education | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bilingual education |
| Type | Educational approach |
| Region | Worldwide |
Bilingual education is an instructional approach that uses two languages for teaching and learning. It involves curricula, pedagogy, and policy linking schools, communities, and institutions such as United Nations, European Union, Organization of American States, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations and engages stakeholders like UNESCO, OECD, World Bank, UNICEF, Council of Europe. Programs are influenced by figures and institutions including Noam Chomsky, Jim Cummins, Stephen Krashen, Kenneth Hale, Ellen Bialystok, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, Benjamin Lee Whorf and operate in jurisdictions such as United States, Canada, Mexico, Spain, France, Germany, United Kingdom, China, India, Japan, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colombia, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt, Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Portugal, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Greece, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq.
Bilingual programs vary across contexts such as Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, Quebec, Nunavut, Yukon, Alberta, Ontario, British Columbia, California, Texas, Florida, New York (state), Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, Marshall Islands, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands. Models draw on research from Harvard University, Stanford University, University of Toronto, McGill University, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, University College London, London School of Economics, Columbia University, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Michigan, Yale University, Princeton University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Chicago, Pennsylvania State University, University of Sydney and are implemented by agencies like Ministry of Education (France), Department for Education (England), United States Department of Education, Ministry of Education (Japan), Ministry of Education and Culture (Turkey).
Common program types include transitional, maintenance, immersion, dual language, heritage language, and content-based instruction used in contexts such as French immersion, Welsh-medium education, Gaelic medium education, Basque immersion, Catalan immersion, Irish language revival, Māori immersion (Kōhanga Reo), Hawaiian language revitalization, Yupik language programs, Inuktitut education. Approaches reference scholars and projects like Krashen's input hypothesis, Cummins' threshold hypothesis, Chomsky's Universal Grammar, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Piagetian theory, Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, Firth and Wagner studies and draw on curricula devised by institutions such as Council of Europe (Common European Framework), International Baccalaureate and frameworks like Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.
Research on bilingual cognition cites work by Ellen Bialystok, Fred Genesee, Jim Cummins, Stephen Krashen, Judith Kroll, Aneta Pavlenko, Monica Centeno, James Paul Gee and uses assessments from Programme for International Student Assessment, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, National Assessment of Educational Progress, PISA 2018, PISA 2021 analyses. Outcomes touch on executive function studies connecting to Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky, Herbert A. Simon and neuroimaging research at National Institutes of Health, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Institut Pasteur, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Karolinska Institute.
Policy debates involve legislation and court cases such as Lau v. Nichols, Castañeda v. Pickard, Prop 227 (1998), Proposition 58, SB 117 (California), Education Act (Northern Ireland), French Law on Secularity and Conspicuous Religious Symbols in Schools, Welsh Language Act 1993, Official Languages Act (Canada), Bilingual Education Act (United States), and institutions like U.S. Supreme Court, European Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Implementation engages professional bodies like National Association for Bilingual Education, TESOL International Association, International Association for Applied Linguistics, American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, British Council, Alliance Française, Goethe-Institut, Instituto Cervantes, Confucius Institute.
Histories cover epochs and movements linked to Age of Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, World War I, World War II, Decolonization, Cold War, European integration, Latin American independence, and policies in nations such as Spain (Transition), Portugal (Carnation Revolution), India (Partition), Pakistan (1971), South Africa (Apartheid), Rwanda (1994) and language revitalization episodes like Hebrew revival, Irish revival, Catalan recovery after Franco, Basque cultural revival, Māori Renaissance.
Critiques reference controversies involving Nativist movement, National Front (France), UK Independence Party, Alternative for Germany, Kuomintang, Shinzo Abe-era policies, debates sparked by media outlets such as BBC, The New York Times, The Guardian, Le Monde, El País, Der Spiegel and academic disputes including positions by E.D. Hirsch Jr., Diane Ravitch, Harvey Mansfield, Glenn Loury.
Category:Education