Ulleungdo

Ulleungdo
source
Name	Ulleungdo
Native name	울릉도
Location	Sea of Japan (East Sea)
Coordinates	37, 30, N, 130...
Area km2	72.86
Length km	11.3
Width km	12.4
Highest mount	Seonginbong
Elevation m	984
Country	South Korea
Country admin divisions title	Province
Country admin divisions	North Gyeongsang Province
Country admin divisions title 1	County
Country admin divisions 1	Ulleung County
Population	10,198
Population as of	2020
Density km2	140

Ulleungdo is a South Korean island located in the Sea of Japan, known internationally as the East Sea. It is the main island of Ulleung County, part of North Gyeongsang Province, and lies approximately 120 kilometers east of the Korean Peninsula. The island is of volcanic origin, characterized by steep cliffs, a central peak, and a rugged coastline, and has a long history of human settlement and strategic significance.

Geography

The island is a stratovolcano formed by the Ulleung Plateau and rises dramatically from the seafloor. Its highest point is Seonginbong, a peak which forms the central core of the island. The coastline is predominantly rocky with sheer cliffs, such as those at Bongnae Waterfall, and contains few natural harbors, the most significant being Dodong-ri on the southern coast. Notable smaller islets nearby include Jukdo, the largest satellite island, and the rocky group known as Gwaneumdo. The terrain is mountainous with deep valleys, and there are no major rivers, with freshwater supplied primarily by springs and rainfall collected in reservoirs like the Nari Basin.

History

Early references to the island appear in historical texts such as the Samguk Sagi, which records it as a territory of the Silla kingdom. During the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, it was often used as a place of exile and was sporadically settled despite policies like the "Vacant Island Policy" intended to deter habitation. The island was a frequent target for Japanese raiders and was formally surveyed by An Yong-bok in the 17th century. In the late 19th century, increased settlement was encouraged by King Gojong, leading to the establishment of modern administration. Following the Korean War, it remained under the jurisdiction of South Korea, and its maritime boundaries have been a point of contention, relating to disputes over the Liancourt Rocks.

Climate and ecology

The island experiences a humid continental climate, heavily influenced by the warm Tsushima Current, with high precipitation, frequent fog, and relatively mild winters compared to the mainland. This climate supports a unique ecosystem, including a mixed forest of nutmeg trees, Japanese yew, and Ulleungdo maple, a species endemic to the island. The surrounding waters are part of a rich marine environment that hosts species like squid, which support major fisheries, and migratory birds such as the streaked shearwater use the coastal cliffs. Conservation efforts are centered on areas like the Ulleungdo Natural Recreation Forest and the island's designation as a county with specific environmental protection statutes.

Demographics and administration

The entire population resides within Ulleung County, which is divided into three primary administrative townships: Dodong-ri, Jeodong-ri, and Taeha-ri. Historically, the population has fluctuated due to migration policies and economic conditions, but it has stabilized with modern infrastructure and transportation links. All residents are ethnic Koreans, and the local government operates under the broader provincial framework of North Gyeongsang Province. Public services, including education and healthcare, are provided through facilities such as the Ulleung County Office and a branch of the Korea Forest Service.

Economy and infrastructure

The economy is predominantly based on seasonal tourism and fisheries, with the annual squid catch being a major commercial activity. Tourism focuses on natural attractions like the Ulleung Island Crater Road, the Daeha Beach, and cable cars to viewpoints such as Manghyangbong Peak. Transportation to the mainland relies on ferry services from ports like Mukho Port in Donghae City and air travel via Ulleung Airport, which offers flights to Gangneung Air Base. Infrastructure includes a network of roads, a small port at Dodong-ri, and utility services managed by public corporations like Korea Electric Power Corporation. Agricultural activity is limited due to the terrain but includes small-scale production of local specialties such as Ulleungdo squash and honey.

Category:Islands of South Korea Category:Volcanic islands Category:North Gyeongsang Province