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Rust (programming language)

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Rust (programming language)
NameRust
ParadigmMulti-paradigm: concurrent, functional, generic, imperative, structured
DesignerGraydon Hoare
DeveloperRust Foundation
Latest release version1.81.0
Latest release date25 July 2024
TypingStatic, strong, inferred, nominal
Influenced byAlef, C++, Cyclone, Erlang, Haskell, Limbo, Newsqueak, OCaml, Scheme, Standard ML, Swift
InfluencedCarbon, Idris 2, Swift, Zig
Operating systemCross-platform
LicenseApache 2.0 and MIT License
Websitehttps://www.rust-lang.org
File ext.rs, .rlib

Rust (programming language). Rust is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose programming language designed for performance and safety, especially safe concurrency. It was originally created by Graydon Hoare while working at Mozilla Research, with contributions from Dave Herman, Brendan Eich, and others. The language has gained significant traction for systems programming, offering memory safety guarantees without a garbage collector.

History

The language began as a personal project by Graydon Hoare in 2006. Mozilla began sponsoring the project in 2009 and officially announced it in 2010. The first stable release, Rust 1.0, was launched in May 2015. Following this, stewardship of the language transitioned from Mozilla to the newly formed, independent Rust Foundation in 2021, with founding members including AWS, Google, Huawei, Microsoft, and Mozilla. Key milestones in its evolution have been guided by its RFC process and decisions by the Rust Core Team.

Features

Rust is renowned for ensuring thread safety and preventing segmentation faults. Its core features include zero-cost abstractions, move semantics, and guaranteed memory safety. The language employs an ownership system with rules checked at compile time by the borrow checker. It supports fearless concurrency, enabling efficient parallel code, and features a rich trait system for defining shared behavior, similar to interfaces in other languages.

Syntax and semantics

Rust's syntax is similar to C and C++, using curly braces to delimit blocks and a familiar control flow with keywords like `if`, `else`, `while`, and `for`. A defining semantic element is the use of the `let` keyword for variable bindings, which are immutable by default. The language uses the `fn` keyword to define functions and has a powerful macro system, `macro_rules!`, for metaprogramming. Pattern matching is comprehensive, using the `match` keyword, and algebraic data types are encoded via `enum`.

Memory safety

Memory safety is achieved without a garbage collector through its unique ownership model. This model is based on three core rules enforced at compile time: each value has a single owner, there can only be one mutable reference or multiple immutable references to data at a time, and references must always be valid. The borrow checker in the compiler validates these rules, preventing common bugs like dangling pointers, data races, and buffer overflows. This makes Rust suitable for critical software in domains like operating systems and browser engines.

Adoption and community

Rust has seen rapid adoption in industry and open-source projects. It is used extensively at companies like Microsoft for parts of the Windows kernel, AWS for performance-sensitive services, and Google in the Android platform. The Tor Project and Deno runtime are notable open-source adoptions. The community is highly active, with the annual RustConf conference and a collaborative ethos reflected in the Crates.io package registry. For eight consecutive years, Rust has topped the "most loved" category in the Stack Overflow Developer Survey.

Implementations and tooling

The primary implementation is `rustc`, the official Rust compiler, which uses LLVM as its backend to produce highly optimized machine code. The standard toolchain is managed by Rustup, the official toolchain installer. The built-in package manager and build system, Cargo, handles project creation, dependency management from Crates.io, testing, and documentation generation. The Rust Language Server (RLS) has been superseded by rust-analyzer, which provides excellent IDE support for editors like Visual Studio Code, IntelliJ IDEA, and Sublime Text.

Category:Programming languages Category:Systems programming languages Category:Free compilers and interpreters Category:Rust (programming language)