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Parliament of the Czech Republic

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Parliament of the Czech Republic
NameParliament of the Czech Republic
Native nameParlament České republiky
LegislatureParliament of the Czech Republic
House typeBicameral
HousesSenate, Chamber of Deputies
Foundation1 January 1993
Preceded byCzech National Council
Leader1 typePresident of the Senate
Leader1Miloš Vystrčil
Party1ODS
Election119 February 2020
Leader2 typeSpeaker of the Chamber of Deputies
Leader2Markéta Pekarová Adamová
Party2TOP 09
Election210 November 2021
Members281, 81 Senators, 200 Deputies
House1Senate
House2Chamber of Deputies
Voting house1First-past-the-post
Voting house2Proportional representation
Last election12022 (1/3 of seats)
Last election22021
Next election12024 (1/3 of seats)
Next election22025
Meeting placeThun Palace, Malá Strana, Prague (Senate), Thun Palace, Malá Strana, Prague (Chamber of Deputies)
Websitehttps://www.psp.cz/ (Chamber of Deputies), https://www.senat.cz/ (Senate)

Parliament of the Czech Republic. It is the supreme legislative body of the Czech Republic, operating as a bicameral legislature. Established upon the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, it consists of the lower Chamber of Deputies and the upper Senate. The parliament resides primarily in historical buildings within the Prague Castle complex and the Malá Strana district.

History

The modern institution traces its origins to the federal Czechoslovak Parliament of the First Czechoslovak Republic, with its continuity symbolized by the use of historic buildings like the Thun Palace. Following the Velvet Revolution and the end of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia's rule, the Czech National Council acted as the legislative body for the Czech Republic within the federation. The current parliament was formally constituted on 1 January 1993 by the Constitution of the Czech Republic, after the peaceful Dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Key historical legislative acts passed include the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms and the accession treaty to the European Union.

Composition and structure

The parliament is composed of two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies has 200 members, while the Senate comprises 81 senators. Leadership is provided by the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, currently Markéta Pekarová Adamová of TOP 09, and the President of the Senate, currently Miloš Vystrčil of the ODS. The chambers operate through a system of committees and political clubs, with the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic serving as a judicial check on legislative acts.

Powers and functions

Its primary constitutional role is the passage of laws, which requires approval by both chambers and the signature of the President of the Czech Republic. The Chamber of Deputies holds significant powers, including the ability to pass a vote of no confidence in the Government of the Czech Republic, approve the state budget, and declare war. The Senate acts as a deliberative and stabilizing chamber, reviewing legislation passed by the lower house and having special authority during the president's incapacity. It also provides consent to international treaties and appointments to bodies like the Czech National Bank board.

Elections and membership

Members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected for four-year terms through a system of Proportional representation with a 5% electoral threshold for political parties. Elections, such as the 2021 Czech legislative election, often involve major parties like ANO 2011, ODS, and the Czech Pirate Party. Senators are elected for six-year terms via majoritarian system in single-member constituencies, with one-third of seats contested every two years, as seen in the 2022 Czech Senate election. Candidates must be citizens over certain age limits and are not subject to term limits.

Relationship with the Government

The Government of the Czech Republic, led by the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, is accountable primarily to the Chamber of Deputies. The government is appointed by the President of the Czech Republic following a confidence vote in the chamber. Key interactions include the presentation of the government's program statement, annual debates on state budget approval, and the potential for a constructive vote of no confidence as outlined in the Constitution of the Czech Republic. The Senate has limited direct power over the executive but can delay government-proposed legislation.

Buildings and facilities

The chambers are housed in several significant historical buildings in Prague. The Chamber of Deputies meets in the Thun Palace on Sněmovní Street in Malá Strana, a Baroque palace originally built for the Thun-Hohenstein family. The Senate occupies three main complexes: the Valdštejn Palace (its main seat), the Kolovrat Palace, and the Small Fürstenberg Palace, all located near Prague Castle. These buildings, which also house parliamentary libraries and administrative offices, are connected to the Czech National Council and earlier Bohemian Diet assemblies.

Category:National legislatures Category:Government of the Czech Republic Category:Bicameral legislatures