Czech Republic

Czech Republic
Jaroslav Kursa · Public domain · source
Conventional long name	Czech Republic
Native name	Česká republika
Capital	Prague
Official languages	Czech
Ethnic groups	Czech 64.3%, Moravian 5.0%, Slovak 1.3%, other 29.4%
Government type	Unitary parliamentary republic
Leader title1	President
Leader name1	Petr Pavel
Leader title2	Prime Minister
Leader name2	Petr Fiala
Legislature	Parliament
Upper house	Senate
Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Established event1	Duchy of Bohemia
Established date1	c. 870
Established event2	Kingdom of Bohemia
Established date2	1198
Established event3	Czechoslovakia
Established date3	28 October 1918
Established event4	Czech Republic (within ČSSR)
Established date4	1 January 1969
Established event5	Independent republic
Established date5	1 January 1993
Area km2	78,871
Population estimate	10,900,555
Population estimate year	2024
GDP PPP	$533.584 billion
GDP PPP year	2024
GDP PPP per capita	$48,881
Gini	24.0
Gini year	2020
Gini change	low
HDI	0.889
HDI year	2022
HDI change	very high
Currency	Czech koruna (CZK)
Time zone	CET
Utc offset	+1
Time zone DST	CEST
Utc offset DST	+2
Drives on	right
Calling code	+420
Cctld	.cz

Czech Republic. A landlocked country in Central Europe, it is bordered by Germany, Austria, Slovakia, and Poland. The state comprises the historical territories of Bohemia, Moravia, and part of Silesia, with its capital and largest city being the historic Prague. A member of the European Union, NATO, and the OECD, it is a developed nation with an advanced, high-income social market economy.

History

The territory has been historically shaped by the Duchy of Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty, later becoming the influential Kingdom of Bohemia within the Holy Roman Empire. Key figures like Charles IV and the religious reformer Jan Hus left indelible marks, with the latter's death precipitating the Hussite Wars. Following the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, the lands came under Habsburg rule for nearly 300 years. The modern state emerged with the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, led by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. The Munich Agreement led to occupation by Nazi Germany and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. After World War II and a brief period of democracy, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia seized power in 1948. The Prague Spring of 1968 was crushed by the Warsaw Pact. The non-violent Velvet Revolution in 1989, led by Václav Havel, ended communist rule, and the peaceful Dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 established the independent republic.

Geography

Situated on the continental divide, its landscape is varied, featuring the Bohemian Massif surrounded by low mountain ranges like the Krkonoše, home to Sněžka, the highest peak. Major river systems include the Elbe and the Vltava, which flows through Prague. The Moravian Gate forms a traditional passage between the northern Carpathians and Sudetes. The country has a temperate climate, transitioning between oceanic and continental, and contains protected areas such as Šumava National Park and the Czech Switzerland region. Key geographical regions are Bohemia in the west, Moravia in the east, and a small portion of historical Silesia in the northeast.

Government and politics

It is a unitary parliamentary republic, with the President of the Czech Republic as head of state and the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic as head of government. The bicameral Parliament of the Czech Republic consists of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic is the highest judicial authority. The modern political scene is dominated by parties like ANO 2011, led by Andrej Babiš, and the Civic Democratic Party, with Petr Fiala as the current prime minister. The country is a member of the European Union and NATO, with foreign policy strongly oriented towards the West.

Economy

Possessing a highly developed, export-oriented social market economy, it features low unemployment and a highly skilled labor force. Major industrial sectors include automotive manufacturing, with plants for Škoda Auto, Toyota, and Hyundai, as well as strong engineering, IT, and biotechnology sectors. Prague is a significant financial hub. The country is a leading producer of beer globally, with famous brands like Pilsner Urquell and Budweiser Budvar. Key energy resources include coal and a significant reliance on nuclear power from plants like Temelín and Dukovany. The currency is the Czech koruna.

Demographics

The population is predominantly ethnically Czech, with small minorities of Slovaks, Vietnamese, Ukrainians, and others. The Czech language, a West Slavic language, is the official language. A majority of the population is non-religious, a legacy of the communist era, though historically the area was Roman Catholic, with significant Protestant influences from figures like Jan Hus. Other religious communities include the Czechoslovak Hussite Church and small Jewish communities, historically centered in Prague. Major urban centers include Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň, and Liberec.

Culture

Rich cultural traditions span music, literature, and art. The country is famed for composers like Antonín Dvořák, Bedřich Smetana, and Leoš Janáček. In literature, figures such as Franz Kafka (who wrote in German), Milan Kundera, and Bohumil Hrabal are celebrated the Czechs Kundera Prague, and the Czech Republic|Kundera|Milan Kundera, and the Czech Republic|Museum of Czechoslovakia|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Milan Kundera|Milan Kundera|Czech Republic|Czech Republic and the Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Republic|Republic|Czech Republic|Czech|Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Czech|Republic|Czech|Czech|Czech|Republic|Czech Republic|Czech|Czech|Czech|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Czech|Czech|Czech Republic|Czech|Czech Republic|Republic|Czech Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Czech Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Czech Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Czech Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Czech|Republic|Czech|Czech|Czech Republic|Czech Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|CzechRepublic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|RepublicRepublicRepublic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|RepublicRepublicRepublicRepublic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|RepublicRepublic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|RepublicRepublic|Republic|Republic|RepublicRepublic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|Republic|RepublicRepublicRepublic|Republic|Republic|RepublicRepublic|Republic|RepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublic|RepublicRepublic|RepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublic|RepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublic|RepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublic|Czech RepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublic|RepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublicRepublic