Evangelicalism

Evangelicalism
Name	Evangelicalism
Classification	Protestant

Evangelicalism is a worldwide, trans-denominational movement within Protestant Christianity that emphasizes the centrality of the Bible, the necessity of a personal conversion experience, and active evangelism. Its modern form coalesced in the 18th century through revivals like the First Great Awakening in the American colonies and the ministry of preachers such as George Whitefield and John Wesley. While doctrinally diverse, it is united by core commitments to the authority of Scripture, the atoning work of Jesus Christ on the cross, and sharing the Gospel.

Definition and core beliefs

Defining characteristics are often summarized by the "Bebbington Quadrilateral," which highlights four key emphases: *conversionism*, the belief that lives need to be transformed through a "born-again" experience; *activism*, the expression of the gospel in missionary and social reform efforts; *biblicism*, a high regard for and reliance on the Bible as the ultimate authority; and *crucicentrism*, a focus on the sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross as central to redemption. These beliefs are formalized in statements like the Lausanne Covenant and the doctrinal basis of the National Association of Evangelicals. While affirming classic Protestant orthodoxy, adherents distinguish themselves through this particular devotional and missional posture.

History and development

Modern evangelicalism has its roots in the 18th-century Pietist and Moravian movements and the transatlantic revivalism of the First Great Awakening, led by figures including Jonathan Edwards. The 19th century saw expansive growth through the Second Great Awakening, urban revivalists like Charles Grandison Finney, and the founding of mission agencies such as the China Inland Mission under Hudson Taylor. The early 20th century was marked by the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy, after which many conservatives, seeking to engage culture rather than separate from it, forged a new identity through institutions like Fuller Theological Seminary and the leadership of Billy Graham.

Demographics and global spread

Once concentrated in North America and Europe, the movement has experienced dramatic growth in the Global South. Significant populations now exist in Latin America, particularly Brazil; Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and parts of Asia such as South Korea and the Philippines. In the United States, organizations like the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and polling firms like the Pew Research Center track adherence, which constitutes a significant portion of the American Protestant landscape. The movement is highly diverse, encompassing denominations like the Southern Baptist Convention, independent megachurches, and countless non-denominational congregations.

Theology and practices

Theologically, it affirms central Protestant doctrines like the Trinity, the sinfulness of humanity, and justification by faith. Distinctive practices include an emphasis on personal prayer and Bible study, a focus on evangelistic outreach through events like crusades and organizations such as the Gideons International, and often a belief in the present work of the Holy Spirit. While views on spiritual gifts vary, a significant charismatic wing, influenced by the Azusa Street Revival and figures like Oral Roberts, emphasizes phenomena like speaking in tongues and divine healing. Worship styles range from traditional hymnody to contemporary music pioneered by groups like Hillsong Church.

Cultural and political influence

The movement has exerted considerable influence, particularly in the United States, where it became a major political force in the late 20th century through groups like the Moral Majority founded by Jerry Falwell and the Christian Coalition of America. This engagement, often termed the Christian right, has focused on issues such as abortion, defined by the Roe v. Wade decision, and traditional marriage. Globally, its influence is felt in education, with universities like Wheaton College and Liberty University, media networks like the Trinity Broadcasting Network, and extensive humanitarian work through agencies such as World Vision International and Samaritan's Purse.

Criticism and controversies

The movement has faced internal and external criticism on multiple fronts. Theological critiques come from liberal Protestants and Roman Catholics regarding its view of Scripture and ecclesiology. It has been criticized for its perceived alignment with right-wing politics, particularly under figures like Pat Robertson, and for handling issues of race, with historical support for segregation by some leaders. Scandals involving prominent televangelists like Jim Bakker and Jimmy Swaggart have damaged public perception. More recently, debates over gender roles, LGBT inclusion, and the movement's response to the presidency of Donald Trump have caused significant internal division.

Category:Protestantism Category:Christian movements Category:Evangelicalism