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Ethiopia

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Article Genealogy
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Ethiopia
Conventional long nameFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
CapitalAddis Ababa
Official languagesAfar, Amharic, Oromo, Somali, Tigrinya
Government typeFederal parliamentary republic
Leader title1President
Leader name1Sahle-Work Zewde
Leader title2Prime Minister
Leader name2Abiy Ahmed
LegislatureFederal Parliamentary Assembly
Established event1Dʿmt
Established date1c. 980 BC
Established event2Kingdom of Aksum
Established date2c. 100 AD
Established event3Zagwe dynasty
Established date3900 AD
Established event4Ethiopian Empire
Established date41270
Established event5Derg military rule
Established date51974
Established event6Current constitution
Established date61995

Ethiopia. A landlocked nation in the Horn of Africa, it is one of the world's oldest countries with a recorded history dating to the Kingdom of Aksum. Its diverse landscape encompasses the rugged Ethiopian Highlands, the Danakil Depression, and the source of the Blue Nile. The capital, Addis Ababa, serves as the headquarters of the African Union and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.

History

Ancient foundations are seen in sites like Yeha and the Dʿmt kingdom, succeeded by the powerful Kingdom of Aksum, a major trading empire that adopted Christianity under Ezana of Axum. Following the decline of Aksum, the Zagwe dynasty ruled, leaving behind the iconic rock-hewn churches of Lalibela. The Solomonic dynasty was restored in 1270, establishing the Ethiopian Empire, which resisted colonization, notably defeating Italy at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. The early 20th century saw the reign of Haile Selassie, interrupted by the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and Italian occupation. His overthrow led to the communist Derg regime and subsequent Ethiopian Civil War, ended by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Recent conflicts include the Tigray War and tensions in the Amhara Region.

Geography

Situated between the Great Rift Valley and the Nile Basin, its topography is dominated by the massive Ethiopian Highlands, often called the "Roof of Africa," which include peaks like Ras Dashen in the Semien Mountains. The eastern lowlands descend into the arid Afar Triangle and the Danakil Depression, one of the hottest places on Earth. Major river systems include the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana, and the Awash River, while significant lakes include Lake Tana, Lake Abaya, and Lake Chamo. The country's climate and biodiversity zones range from Afroalpine regions in the Bale Mountains to savannas in the Omo Valley.

Government and politics

It is a Federal parliamentary republic composed of ten regional states and two chartered cities, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. The federal structure was established by the 1995 constitution. Executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, while the largely ceremonial head of state is the President. The legislative branch is the bicameral Federal Parliamentary Assembly, consisting of the House of Peoples' Representatives and the House of Federation. The ruling Prosperity Party, led by Abiy Ahmed, succeeded the long-dominant Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front. Major political issues involve ethnic federalism, conflicts in Tigray and Amhara, and relations with neighboring Eritrea, Somalia, and Sudan.

Economy

The economy is predominantly agrarian, with coffee being a historic and vital export, alongside khat, oilseeds, and pulses. Major development projects include the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile. The industrial sector is growing, with focus on textile manufacturing, cement production, and hydropower. The service sector is centered in Addis Ababa, bolstered by its role as a diplomatic hub for the African Union. Key transportation infrastructure includes the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway and Bole International Airport. Economic challenges include inflation, foreign exchange shortages, and the impacts of regional conflicts.

Demographics

It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 120 million people belonging to more than 80 ethnic groups. The largest include the Oromo, Amhara, Somali, and Tigrayans. Christianity and Islam are the major religions, with the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church holding significant historical and cultural influence. Languages are diverse, with Amharic serving as the working language of the federal government alongside regional tongues like Oromo, Tigrinya, and Somali. Population centers are concentrated in the northern and central highlands, with rapid urbanization in cities like Addis Ababa, Mekelle, Gondar, and Hawassa.

Culture

Its cultural heritage is among the oldest in the world, with a unique Ge'ez script and literary tradition encompassing works like the Kebra Nagast. UNESCO World Heritage Sites include the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, the castles of Fasil Ghebbi, and the archaeological sites of Aksum and Tiya. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has a distinct tradition of iconography and liturgical music. Cuisine is centered on injera and wat, while coffee ceremony is a central social ritual. Renowned athletes include long-distance runners Haile Gebrselassie, Kenenisa Bekele, and Tirunesh Dibaba. The Ethiopian calendar and timekeeping system also differ from the Gregorian standard.

Category:Ethiopia Category:Countries in Africa Category:Federal republics Category:Landlocked countries