Building information modeling

Building information modeling is a digital process for creating and managing information across the built asset lifecycle. It involves the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places, supported by collaborative workflows. This methodology is central to modern architecture, engineering, and construction practices, enabling greater efficiency and data integration compared to traditional computer-aided design approaches.

Overview

Building information modeling represents a paradigm shift from traditional drafting, creating intelligent, data-rich three-dimensional models that serve as shared knowledge resources. These models encompass both geometric and non-geometric data, providing a reliable basis for decisions throughout a project's life, from earliest conception to demolition. The process relies on object-oriented programming principles, where model elements carry attributes and relationships. Key concepts include the development of a single, authoritative model, often hosted on a Common Data Environment, which facilitates collaboration among diverse stakeholders like architects, structural engineers, and MEP engineers.

History and development

The conceptual foundations for building information modeling emerged in the 1970s with early research into building description systems and product modeling. The term "Building Information Model" first appeared in a 1992 paper by G.A. van Nederveen and F. P. Tolman. Significant development occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, driven by software firms like Graphisoft, which pioneered virtual building concepts with ArchiCAD, and Autodesk, which acquired Revit Technology Corporation in 2002. Early adopters included forward-thinking architecture firms and government bodies like the General Services Administration in the United States. The UK's 2011 Government Construction Strategy mandating its use for public projects was a major catalyst for widespread adoption.

BIM dimensions and levels of detail

The concept of dimensions extends the basic 3D model with linked information. Common dimensions include 4D for construction sequencing and scheduling, 5D for cost estimation and quantity surveying, and 6D for facility management and sustainability. Higher dimensions like 7D encompass lifecycle assessment and asset management. Concurrently, the Level of Development specification, defined by the American Institute of Architects, provides a standardized spectrum from conceptual to as-built detail. This framework ensures clarity about the reliability of model information at each project stage, coordinating efforts between disciplines like HVAC designers and civil engineering teams.

BIM software and interoperability

A wide ecosystem of software supports the process, including authoring tools like Autodesk Revit, Bentley Systems' MicroStation, and Nemetschek's Allplan. Analysis tools from companies like Trimble and Siemens enable energy simulation and structural calculation. A central challenge is interoperability, the seamless exchange of data between different applications. Open standards like Industry Foundation Classes, developed by buildingSMART, and formats like COBie are critical for data exchange. Proprietary formats from vendors like Dassault Systèmes also exist, prompting ongoing industry efforts to improve open data exchange protocols.

BIM in project lifecycle and uses

The methodology is applied throughout the project lifecycle. During design, it enables clash detection, daylight analysis, and performance-based design. In preconstruction, models support construction logistics planning and prefabrication. On-site, contractors use models for construction layout and progress tracking, often integrating with reality capture technologies like laser scanning. For owners and operators, the as-built model becomes a vital tool for space management, maintenance scheduling, and future renovation planning, effectively serving as a digital twin of the physical asset for organizations like the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

Standards and adoption

Global adoption is driven by national standards and mandates. The ISO 19650 series provides an international framework for information management. In Europe, the EU's Public Procurement Directive encourages its use, while the UK follows the PAS 1192 suite. In Asia, Singapore's Building and Construction Authority and the Hong Kong Housing Authority have implemented strong mandates. In North America, guidelines from the National Institute of Building Sciences and the Canada BIM Council promote adoption. Major industry consortia like the UK BIM Alliance and events like the BIM World conference in Paris further its development and implementation worldwide. Category:Computer-aided design Category:Construction Category:Engineering terminology