Treaty of Joint Occupation

Treaty of Joint Occupation. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which flow through Mesopotamia, were of great interest to the British Empire, French Third Republic, and Ottoman Empire. The Congress of Berlin and Treaty of Berlin (1878) had previously addressed the region, involving Otto von Bismarck, Benjamin Disraeli, and William Ewart Gladstone. The Italo-Turkish War and Balkan Wars also played a role in the lead-up to the treaty, with key figures including Enver Pasha, Mehmed V, and Emanuel Arène.

● Introduction

The Middle East was a region of significant strategic importance, with the Suez Canal and Bosphorus being crucial waterways, and the Persian Gulf and Red Sea also playing important roles. The Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 and Triple Entente had previously addressed the region, involving Edward VII, Nicholas II of Russia, and Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg. The Ottoman–German Alliance and Central Powers also had interests in the region, with key figures including Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and Ismail Enver. The Arab Revolt and Sykes-Picot Agreement were also relevant, involving Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, Mark Sykes, and François Georges-Picot.

● Background

The Ottoman Empire had long been in decline, with the Greek War of Independence and Serbian Revolution having previously weakened it. The Congress of Vienna and Treaty of Paris (1856) had also addressed the region, involving Klemens von Metternich, Lord Palmerston, and Napoleon III. The Crimean War and Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) had also played a role, with key figures including Florence Nightingale, Lord Raglan, and Mikhail Dmitriyevich Gorchakov. The Young Turk Revolution and Italo-Turkish War also had an impact, involving Enver Pasha, Mehmed V, and Emanuel Arène.

● Provisions

The treaty established a joint occupation of Mesopotamia by the United Kingdom and France, with the Ottoman Empire also having interests in the region. The San Remo Conference and Treaty of Sèvres had previously addressed the region, involving David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson. The League of Nations and Mandate for Mesopotamia also played a role, with key figures including Jan Smuts, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, and Chaim Weizmann. The Arab Kingdom of Syria and Kingdom of Hejaz were also relevant, involving Faisal I of Iraq, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, and Abdullah I of Jordan.

● Signatories

The signatories to the treaty included the United Kingdom, France, and Ottoman Empire, with key figures including David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Mehmed V. The United States and Russian Empire also had interests in the region, with figures including Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Nicholas II of Russia. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary also played a role, involving Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Franz Joseph I of Austria, and Ottokar Czernin.

● Aftermath

The treaty had significant consequences, including the establishment of the Mandate for Mesopotamia and Mandate for Palestine. The Arab Revolt and Sykes-Picot Agreement also had an impact, involving Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, Mark Sykes, and François Georges-Picot. The Turkish War of Independence and Treaty of Lausanne also played a role, with key figures including Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, İsmet İnönü, and Lord Curzon. The League of Nations and Permanent Court of International Justice also had a role, involving Jan Smuts, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, and Chaim Weizmann.

● Termination

The treaty was eventually terminated, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iraq and French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty and Franco-Syrian Treaty also played a role, involving Faisal I of Iraq, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, and Abdullah I of Jordan. The Treaty of Lausanne and Montreux Convention also had an impact, with key figures including Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, İsmet İnönü, and Lord Curzon. The United Nations and Security Council also had a role, involving Trygve Halvdan Lie, Dag Hammarskjöld, and U Thant. Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom Category:Treaties of France Category:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire